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In Gram\u2010negative bacteria, this process is mediated by the small signal molecules guanosine pentaphosphate pppGpp and guanosine tetraphosphate ppGpp (collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp), and the RNA polymerase\u2010binding transcription factor DksA. The (p)ppGpp synthetase RelA and the bifunctional (p)ppGpp synthase\/hydrolase SpoT are responsible for cellular (p)ppGpp levels. Here, we investigated the roles of DksA and (p)ppGpp in the virulence traits of\n                    <jats:italic>Xanthomonas citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker. \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>dksA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and (p)ppGpp\u2010deficient \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>spoT<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>relA<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains caused reduced virulence and compromised growth in host plants, indicating that DksA and (p)ppGpp are required for full virulence of Xcc. To characterize the effect of stringent response regulators on gene expression, RNA\u2010seq was conducted using \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>dksA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>spoT<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>relA<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant strains grown in\n                    <jats:italic>hrp<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010inducing XVM2 medium. Transcriptome analyses showed that DksA and (p)ppGpp repressed the expression of genes encoding tRNAs, ribosome proteins, iron acquisition and flagellum assembly, and enhanced the expression of genes for histidine metabolism, type 3 secretion system (T3SS), type 2 secretion system (T2SS) and TonB\u2010dependent transporters. Phenotypically, the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>dksA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>spoT<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>relA<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains displayed altered motility, enhanced siderophore production and were unable to cause\u00a0the hypersensitive response on non\u2010host plants. In conclusion, stringent response regulators DksA and (p)ppGpp play an important role in virulence, nutrition uptake and host adaptation of Xcc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T03:40:01Z","timestamp":1571283601000},"page":"1550-1565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Stringent response regulators (p)ppGpp and DksA positively regulate virulence and host adaptation of\n                    <i>Xanthomonas citri<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research and Education Center Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida Lake Alfred 33850 FL United 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