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Both pathovars share a complex population structure, represented by different clusters and several clades. Here we describe our current understanding of symptomatology, population dynamics, epidemiology, and disease control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Taxonomic status<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacteria; Phylum <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>; Class <jats:italic>Gammaproteobacteria<\/jats:italic>; Order <jats:italic>Lysobacterales<\/jats:italic> (earlier synonym of <jats:italic>Xanthomonadales<\/jats:italic>); Family <jats:italic>Lysobacteraceae<\/jats:italic> (earlier synonym of <jats:italic>Xanthomonadaceae<\/jats:italic>); Genus <jats:italic>Xanthomonas<\/jats:italic>; Species <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arboricola<\/jats:italic>; Pathovars: pv. <jats:italic>juglandis<\/jats:italic> and pv. <jats:italic>corylina<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Host range and symptoms<\/jats:title><jats:p>The host range of each pathovar is not limited to a single species, but each infects mainly one plant species: <jats:italic>Juglans regia<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>X. arboricola<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>juglandis<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Corylus avellana<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>X. arboricola<\/jats:italic>. pv. <jats:italic>corylina<\/jats:italic>). Walnut bacterial blight is characterized by lesions on leaves and fruits, and cankers on twigs, branches, and trunks; brown apical necrosis symptoms consist of apical necrosis originating at the stigmatic end of the fruit. A peculiar symptom, the vertical oozing canker developing along the trunk, is elicited by a particular genetic lineage of the bacterium. Symptoms of hazelnut bacterial blight are visible on leaves and fruits as necrotic lesions, and on woody parts as cankers. A remarkable difference is that affected walnuts drop abundantly, whereas hazelnuts with symptoms do not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Distribution<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial blight of walnut has a worldwide distribution, wherever Persian (English) walnut is cultivated; the bacterial blight of hazelnut has a more limited distribution, although disease outbreaks are currently more frequently reported. <jats:italic>X.\u00a0arboricola<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>juglandis<\/jats:italic> is regulated almost nowhere, whereas <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>arboricola<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>corylina<\/jats:italic> is regulated in most European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Epidemiology and control<\/jats:title><jats:p>For both pathogens infected nursery material is the main pathway for their introduction and spread into newly cultivated areas; additionally, infected nursery material is the source of primary inoculum. <jats:italic>X.\u00a0arboricola<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>juglandis<\/jats:italic> is also disseminated through pollen. Disease control is achieved through the phytosanitary certification of nursery material (hazelnut), although approved certification schemes are not currently available. Once the disease is present in walnut\/hazelnut groves, copper compounds are widely used, mostly in association with dithiocarbamates; where allowed, antibiotics (preferably kasugamycin) are sprayed. The emergence of strains highly resistant to copper currently represents the major threat for effective management of the bacterial blight of walnut.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Useful websites<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/taxon\/XANTJU\">https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/taxon\/XANTJU<\/jats:ext-link>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/taxon\/XANTCY\">https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/taxon\/XANTCY<\/jats:ext-link>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.euroxanth.eu\">https:\/\/www.euroxanth.eu<\/jats:ext-link>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.xanthomonas.org\">http:\/\/www.xanthomonas.org<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.13073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T11:52:05Z","timestamp":1624362725000},"page":"1481-1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["<i>Xanthomonas arboricola<\/i> pv. <i>juglandis<\/i> and pv. <i>corylina<\/i>: Brothers or distant relatives? 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