{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:00:32Z","timestamp":1788865232571,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31860486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32001864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Plant Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The genetic basis underlying loss\u2010of\u2010virulence mutations that arise among natural phytopathogen populations is not well documented. In this study, we examined the virulence of 377 isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic>\n                    pv.\n                    <jats:italic>actinidiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    biovar 3 (Psa3) that were isolated from 76 kiwifruit orchards suffering from bacterial canker disease. Eighty\u2010four nonpathogenic isolates were identified in 40 orchards. A nonpathogenic isolate G166 was found to be defective in\n                    <jats:italic>hrpL<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcription and the downstream type III secretion system (T3SS)\u2010dependent phenotypes. Comparative genomics and complementary expression assay revealed that a single\u2010base \u201cG\u201d insertion in the\n                    <jats:italic>hrpL<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter blocks gene transcription by reducing promoter activity. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the genetic variation impairs \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/promoter binding during gene transcription under\n                    <jats:italic>hrp<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010inducing conditions, resulting in lower expression of\n                    <jats:italic>hrpL<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A PCR\u2010restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was performed to trace the evolutionary history of this mutation, which revealed the independent onset of genetic variations in natural Psa3 populations. We also found that nonpathogenic variants outperformed virulent Psa3 bacteria for both epiphytic and apoplast colonization of kiwifruit leaves in mixed inoculations. Our study highlights a novel mechanism for loss of virulence in Psa3 and provides insight into bacterial adaptive evolution under natural settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.13289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:28:39Z","timestamp":1672878519000},"page":"262-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Natural variation in the\n                    <i>hrpL<\/i>\n                    promoter renders the phytopathogen\n                    <i>Pseudomonas syringae<\/i>\n                    pv.\n                    <i>actinidiae<\/i>\n                    nonpathogenic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kiwifruit Engineering &amp; Technology Research Center Guizhou University  Guiyang 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