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In this study, we investigated whether heme biosynthesis is an effective target for ablating the virulence of the phytopathogenic fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Ustilago maydis<\/jats:italic>\n                    on maize plants. We first constructed conditional heme auxotrophs of the fungus by placing the heme biosynthesis gene\n                    <jats:italic>hem12<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (Urod) under the control of nitrogen or carbon source\u2010regulated promoters. These strains were heme auxotrophs under non\u2010permissive conditions and unable to cause disease in maize seedlings, thus demonstrating the inability of the fungus to acquire sufficient heme from host tissue to support proliferation. Subsequent experiments characterized the role of endocytosis in heme uptake, the susceptibility of the fungus to heme toxicity as well as the transcriptional response to exogenous heme. The latter RNA\u2010seq experiments identified a candidate ABC transporter with a role in the response to heme and xenobiotics. Given the importance of heme biosynthesis for\n                    <jats:italic>U. maydis<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis, we tested the ability of the well\u2010characterized herbicide BroadStar to influence disease. This herbicide contains the active ingredient flumioxazin, an inhibitor of Hem14 in the heme biosynthesis pathway, and we found that it was an effective antifungal agent for blocking disease in maize. Thus, repurposing herbicides for which resistant plants are available may be an effective strategy to control pathogens and achieve crop protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T03:40:57Z","timestamp":1730518857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Herbicides as fungicides: Targeting heme biosynthesis in the maize pathogen\n                    <i>Ustilago maydis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Djihane","family":"Damoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kretschmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher W. J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Herrfurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht\u2010von\u2010Haller Institute of Plant Sciences University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, G\u00f6ttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB) University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Feussner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht\u2010von\u2010Haller Institute of Plant Sciences University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, G\u00f6ttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB) University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biochemistry, G\u00f6ttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB) University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1396-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Heimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Microbial Cell Biology, G\u00f6ttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB) University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4240-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James W.","family":"Kronstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of British Columbia  Vancouver 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