{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:04:50Z","timestamp":1791975890157,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003968","name":"Iran National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4038663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4038663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Plant Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n Bacterial wilt and canker of tomato caused by the gram\u2010positive corynebacterial species\n \n Clavibacter michiganensis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n is an economically important disease threatening the tomato industry in both open\u2010air and greenhouse productions around the world. The disease occurs in many countries, with a particular importance in regions characterised by high temperature and water scarcity. Management of bacterial canker has been a major problem since its original description in 1909. This is due in part to the seedborne nature of the pathogen, allowing the bacterium to be transmitted over long distances via infected seeds, as well as a lack of effective treatment to clean seeds. Detection of the pathogen from seeds is difficult due to high competition on culture media with diverse members of the seed\u2010associated microbiota. Identification of the pathogen can also be difficult owing to the presence of different colony variants on culture media. In this review, we provide a historical perspective and an updated overview on the aetiology, epidemiology and management strategies of the bacterial canker disease. We also gathered recent molecular findings in the pathogenicity mechanisms and bioecology of\n \n C. michiganensis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n to boost management of the bacterial canker disease in the 21\n st<\/jats:sup>\n century tomato industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Taxonomy<\/jats:title>\n \n Class:\n Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n ; Order:\n Micrococcales<\/jats:italic>\n ; Family:\n Microbacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n ; Genus:\n Clavibacter<\/jats:italic>\n ; Species:\n \n Clavibacter michiganensis<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Disease Symptoms<\/jats:title>\n Interveinal leaf chlorosis leading to necrotic areas. Canker on stems and lateral branches of the plant. Discolouration of vascular and pith tissues to dark yellow or brown. Small and early ripened fruits or discolouration of the placenta from white to yellow in the interior part of the ripening fruits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Host Range<\/jats:title>\n \n Tomato (\n \n Solanum lycopersicum<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) is the main host of the pathogen while natural infection has also been reported on eggplant, pepper and wild nightshade plants.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Synonyms (Historical\/Non\u2010Preferred Scientific Names)<\/jats:title>\n \n Aplanobacter michiganensis<\/jats:italic>\n ;\n Pseudomonas michiganense; Pseudomonas michiganensis; Bacterium michiganense<\/jats:italic>\n ;\n Phytomonas michiganensis; Mycobacterium michiganense; Erwinia michiganensis<\/jats:italic>\n (=\n michiganense<\/jats:italic>\n );\n \n Corynebacterium michiganense<\/jats:styled-content>\n ;\n Corynebacterium michiganense<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n pv.\n michiganense<\/jats:italic>\n ;\n \n Corynebacterium michiganense<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n subsp.\n \n michiganense;\n Clavibacter michiganensis<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n michiganensis.<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Microbiological Properties<\/jats:title>\n The bacterium produces domed, round and shiny mucoid colonies on general culture media. Colonies are usually yellow\u2010pigmented, while pink\u2010pigmented strains are occasionally observed. Cells are gram\u2010positive, aerobic, non\u2010motile, non\u2010spore\u2010producing curved rods (coryneform).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Distribution<\/jats:title>\n Present in all continents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Phytosanitary Categorization<\/jats:title>\n \n EPPO A2 List no. 50, EU 2019\/2072 RNQP Annex IV. See EPPO (\n https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/taxon\/CORBMI\/categorization<\/jats:ext-link>\n ) and CABI (\n https:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.15338<\/jats:ext-link>\n ) databases for further country\u2010specific categorisations. EPPO code: CORBMI.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T07:25:25Z","timestamp":1747725925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["\n Clavibacter michiganensis<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n Reframed: The Story of How the Genomics Era Made a New Face for an Old Enemy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0359-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Osdaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture University of Tehran Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Abachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture University of Tehran Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Agnes","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, CIRM\u2010CFBP Universit\u00e9 d'Angers Angers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.809959"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.1998.88.4.306"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Diversity of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Populations in Tomato Seed: What Is the Significance?","volume":"695","author":"Alvarez A. 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