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However, the regulatory mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation by H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S in indeterminate nodules of woody legumes remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S promotes nodulation and N fixation in the woody legume\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Robinia pseudoacacia<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Exogenous H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S significantly enhanced rhizobium infection, nodule formation and nitrogenase activity, demonstrating its positive role in the symbiotic process. Transcriptomic analysis of roots and nodules revealed that H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S signalling modulates auxin metabolism, particularly through the regulation of indole\u20103\u2010acetic acid (IAA) homeostasis. H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S was found to promote free IAA accumulation and reduce IAA conjugation (IAA\u2010Asp and IAA\u2010Glu). Further investigation revealed that H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S directly targets GH3.1, a key IAA\u2010amido synthetase responsible for IAA conjugation. Specifically, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S mediated persulfidation at Cys304 of GH3.1, inhibiting its enzymatic activity and preventing IAA inactivation. This modification was confirmed by LC\u2013MS\/MS, UPLC\u2010ESI\u2010MS\/MS and site\u2010directed mutagenesis. This post\u2010translational modification maintained active IAA levels, facilitating early nodule development. These findings highlight the active role of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S in regulating IAA homeostasis, thereby enhancing indeterminate nodule formation and N fixation through persulfidation of the Cys304 residue of GH3.1 in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. pseudoacacia<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T06:25:21Z","timestamp":1759559121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<scp>H<\/scp>\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <scp>S<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Mediated\n                    <scp>GH3<\/scp>\n                    .1 Persulfidation Regulates\n                    <scp>IAA<\/scp>\n                    Homeostasis to Enhance Nodulation Formation and Nitrogen Fixation in\n                    <i>Robinia pseudoacacia<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Weiqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology College of Life Science, Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling Shaanxi People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaping","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology College of Life Science, Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling Shaanxi People's Republic of 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