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Disease initiation involves a transition from an epiphytic to an endophytic growth stage, with early activation of the type III secretion system (T3SS) on floral stigmas enabling host tissue invasion. Among the diverse arsenals of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. amylovora<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , the T3SS and its effectors (T3Es), along with the exopolysaccharide amylovoran, represent core pathogenicity determinants. Systemic colonisation and persistence within the host are orchestrated by a complex regulatory network that coordinates transitions between motile planktonic and sessile biofilm\u2010associated states. Central to this regulation are four conserved two\u2010component systems (HrpX\/HrpY, RcsC\/RcsB, GrrS\/GrrA and EnvZ\/OmpR) and the second messenger cyclic\u2010di\u2010GMP (c\u2010di\u2010GMP). This review synthesises current knowledge across four interrelated themes: (i) the disease cycle and host colonisation strategies of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. amylovora<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and host defence response, (ii) pathogenicity and virulence factors of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. amylovora<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and their regulatory mechanisms, (iii) regulatory circuits modulating lifestyle transitions during systemic colonisation by the pathogen focusing on the role of c\u2010di\u2010GMP and two\u2010component systems and (iv) evolutionary perspectives on the two\u2010component systems and c\u2010di\u2010GMP along with comparisons to related enterobacterial pathogens. These insights advance our understanding of the molecular basis of fire blight pathogenesis and adaptative strategies employed by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. amylovora<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    to thrive in diverse host environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:35:49Z","timestamp":1771310149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Virulence Regulation and Lifestyle Transitions: The Role of c\u2010di\u2010\n                    <scp>GMP<\/scp>\n                    and Two\u2010Component Systems in\n                    <i>Erwinia amylovora<\/i>\n                    and Their Evolutionary Context Within Enterobacterales"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Dhirendra","family":"Niroula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department Montana State University  Bozeman Montana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalyani","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department Montana State University  Bozeman Montana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George W.","family":"Sundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Integrated Plant Systems Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9136-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janak R.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department Montana State University  Bozeman Montana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80626-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2338.1979.tb02223.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02551-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37195"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12065"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53113-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001215"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-46"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248607"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05065-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.1998.88.5.416"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-017-1409-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-09-10-0212"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brameyer S. andR.Heermann.2016.\u201cQuorum Sensing and LuxR Solos inPhotorhabdus.\u201dCurrent Topics in Microbiology and Immunology402: 103\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2016_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00606-002-0266-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"Fire Blight: The Foundation of Phytobacteriology","author":"Burrill T. 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