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Our previous observations indicated that pretreating plants with thiamethoxam (TMX) and imidacloprid (IMI) could reduce the incidence of pepper blight, but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Here, we investigated how TMX and IMI induced resistance in pepper (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Capsicum frutescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) against\n                    <jats:italic>P. capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Both in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo assays demonstrated that TMX and IMI suppressed disease, not by directly impairing pathogen virulence but by inducing systemic resistance in susceptible (Cusheng L09) and resistant (Cusheng 356) pepper cultivars. Split\u2010plant systemic resistance assays showed that TMX\/IMI\u2010primed plants developed smaller lesions in both treated and untreated leaves following\n                    <jats:italic>P. capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Foliar application of TMX and IMI effectively alleviated disease severity, with IMI showing superior efficacy in attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and TMX\/IMI priming concomitantly altering the activities of ROS\u2010scavenging enzymes under pathogen challenge. Reverse transcription\u2010quantitative PCR analysis revealed time\u2010dependent changes in defence gene expression, and whole\u2010genome transcriptome profiling highlighted temporal reprogramming of pathogenesis\u2010related genes. Further functional validation identified\n                    <jats:italic>CaNEN4<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a susceptibility factor. Collectively, our findings reveal that IMI\/TMX primes pepper plants with systemic resistance by modulating ROS homeostasis, defence gene expression, and susceptibility gene function, offering novel insights into chemical\u2010induced plant immunity and genetic targets for durable blight resistance in crops.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:37:10Z","timestamp":1773905830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chemical Priming by Neonicotinoids Unveils\n                    <i>CaNEN4<\/i>\n                    as a Susceptibility Gene Against\n                    <i>Phytophthora capsici<\/i>\n                    in Pepper"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Geng","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiheng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop 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F.Zeng andR.Wang.1996.\u201cA Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Induced Resistance to Bacterial Blight and Defence Enzymes in Hybrid Rice Seedlings.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.109455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.109264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.13391"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-022-01553-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443720020181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14058985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070723"}],"container-title":["Molecular Plant Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mpp.70242","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mpp.70242","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mpp.70242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T09:05:58Z","timestamp":1774602358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mpp.70242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mpp.70242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mpp.70242","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-6722","1364-3703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-6722","type":"print"},{"value":"1364-3703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70242"}}