{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:17:44Z","timestamp":1787894264572,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Plant Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Xanthomonas oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    pv.\n                    <jats:italic>oryzicola<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Xoc), the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak of rice, relies on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS) for full virulence and for induction of the hypersensitive response (HR) in nonhost plants. Although the HrpG\u2010HrpX regulatory cascade is central to T3SS gene expression in\n                    <jats:italic>Xanthomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the upstream regulatory mechanisms controlling this pathway in Xoc remain insufficiently understood. In the present study, we identified GpaR as a previously unrecognised transcriptional activator required for T3SS\u2010associated pathogenicity in Xoc. Deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>gpaR<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly attenuated virulence in rice and resulted in delayed and weakened HR in\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Reverse transcription\u2010quantitative PCR analysis showed that transcript levels of\n                    <jats:italic>hrpG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>hrpX<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and multiple T3SS\u2010associated\n                    <jats:italic>hrp<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were markedly reduced in the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>gpaR<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant. Consistent with these results, \u03b2\u2010glucuronidase (GUS) reporter assays demonstrated that promoter activities of\n                    <jats:italic>hrpG<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>hrpX<\/jats:italic>\n                    were substantially decreased in the absence of GpaR. Furthermore, constitutive expression of\n                    <jats:italic>hrpG<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>hrpX<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>gpaR<\/jats:italic>\n                    background largely restored virulence and HR, indicating that these regulators function downstream of GpaR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation\u2010quantitative PCR (ChIP\u2010qPCR) demonstrated that GpaR binds directly to the promoter regions of\n                    <jats:italic>hrpG<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>hrpX<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\u00a0vitro and associates with them in\u00a0vivo. In addition, in\u00a0vitro transcription assays showed that GpaR directly activates transcription from both promoters. Collectively, these findings establish GpaR as a direct upstream activator of the HrpG\u2010HrpX cascade and identify a new regulatory layer controlling T3SS expression and virulence in Xoc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:16:04Z","timestamp":1786598164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>GpaR<\/scp>\n                    Drives Type\n                    <scp>III<\/scp>\n                    Secretion and Virulence Through Direct Activation of the\n                    <scp>HrpG<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>HrpX<\/scp>\n                    Cascade in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Xanthomonas oryzae<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    pv.\n                    <i>oryzicola<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3648-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro\u2010Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology Guangxi University  Nanning China"},{"name":"Guangxi Technology Innovation Center for Microbial Resources Development and Utilization  Nanning China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro\u2010Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology Guangxi University  Nanning China"},{"name":"Guangxi Technology Innovation Center for Microbial Resources Development and Utilization  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huajun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro\u2010Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology Guangxi University  Nanning China"},{"name":"Guangxi Technology Innovation Center for Microbial Resources Development and Utilization  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiuxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro\u2010Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology Guangxi University  Nanning China"},{"name":"Guangxi Technology Innovation Center for Microbial Resources Development and Utilization  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro\u2010Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology Guangxi University  Nanning China"},{"name":"Guangxi Technology Innovation Center for Microbial Resources Development and Utilization  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5525-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro\u2010Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology Guangxi University  Nanning China"},{"name":"Guangxi Technology Innovation Center for Microbial Resources Development and Utilization  Nanning 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