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Highly elevated levels of IAA and auxin derivatives such as IAA\u2010glucoside or IAA amino\u2010acid conjugates were observed in the susceptible wheat cultivar Apogee infected with\n                    <jats:italic>F. graminearum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We report here that the fungal pathogen can hydrolyse tryptamine\u2010derived hydroxycinnamic acid amides produced in high amounts during plant defence and is able to convert the released tryptamine in high yield into IAA. We investigated the role of copper amine\u2010oxidase candidate genes, which code for enzymes converting tryptamine into the IAA precursor indole\u20103\u2010acetaldehyde. After consecutive knock\u2010out of seven copper amine oxidases the resulting septuple\u2010mutant strain (aox\u0394\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) had strongly reduced ability to produce auxin from tryptamine in\u00a0vitro. Virulence of the aox\u0394\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    mutant was significantly impaired while deoxynivalenol production\n                    <jats:italic>in planta<\/jats:italic>\n                    was comparable to the wild type. Our results indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>F. graminearum,<\/jats:italic>\n                    formerly presumed to be a toxin\u2010producing necrotroph, in an early biotrophic phase uses subterfuge by converting abundantly formed plant defence compounds into defence\u2010suppressing auxin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T06:00:32Z","timestamp":1787205632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Fungal Pathogen\n                    <i>Fusarium graminearum<\/i>\n                    Can Hydrolyse Tryptamine\u2010Derived Hydroxy\u2010Cinnamic Acid Amide Defence Compounds, and Generates Highly Increased Auxin Levels in Wheat via Copper Amine\u2010Oxidases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0502-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro\u2010Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Sp\u00f6rhase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Fruhmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Technical Chemistry TU Wien  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Bartholom\u00e4us","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerlinde","family":"Wiesenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro\u2010Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5052-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Gueldener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genome Oriented Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Seidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Bioactive Molecules: Screening and Analysis BOKU University  Tulln Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asja","family":"Ceranic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro\u2010Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Krska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro\u2010Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences Queens University Belfast  Belfast Northern Ireland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Schuhmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro\u2010Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5883-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Berthiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro\u2010Metabolomics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3008-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Agricultural Sciences BOKU University  Vienna 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P.2013.\u201cFunctional Characterization of Plant UDP\u2010Glucosyltransferases for Their Ability to Conjugate Fusarium Secondary Metabolites.\u201d [PhD thesis]. Universit\u00e4t f\u00fcr Bodenkultur Wien.https:\/\/permalink.obvsg.at\/bok\/AC10775161."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHYT.0000047800.59980.6e"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2016.1148980"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.922119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-501-5_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00962"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2016.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12244111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299\u2010005\u20100059\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816\u2010015\u20100368\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374\u2010015\u20100104\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374\u2010021\u201009341\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI\u201009\u201011\u20100232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2021.100269"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191118139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102229\u201012\u2010224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11020059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01570016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122\u2010016\u20102727\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10343\u2010025\u201001203\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44154\u2010025\u201000267\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","unstructured":"Sp\u00f6rhase P.2015.\u201cFusarium graminearumCan Subvert the Synthesis of Tryptamine\u2010Derived Defense Compounds to Produce Auxin.\u201d [Thesis]. Universit\u00e4t f\u00fcr Bodenkultur Wien.https:\/\/permalink.obvsg.at\/bok\/AC13096363."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811226106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c17\u201000416"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.11.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031\u20109422(03)00429\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.165803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580\u2010022\u201000479\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","first-page":"483","article-title":"Chemical Stability and Degradation Mechanisms of Ferulic Acid (F.A) Within Various Cosmetic Formulations","volume":"62","author":"Wang Q.\u2010J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cosmetic Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1525268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010arplant\u2010042809\u2010112308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5502.306"}],"container-title":["Molecular Plant Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mpp.70325","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mpp.70325","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mpp.70325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:26:07Z","timestamp":1787891167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mpp.70325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mpp.70325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mpp.70325","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-6722","1364-3703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-6722","type":"print"},{"value":"1364-3703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70325"}}