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Despite its significance, the genetic basis of avirulence variation at a global scale remains poorly understood. In this study, we integrated virulence phenotypes against 18\n                    <jats:italic>Yr<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance genes with genome\u2010wide variation from a worldwide collection of Pst isolates to resolve the population\u2010genomic architecture of avirulence. We identified multiple avirulence\u2010associated genomic regions and defined 69 candidate effectors, with 11 high\u2010confidence candidates meeting five stringent criteria based on effector properties and association significance. Allele frequency analyses revealed striking geographic differentiation; many variants showed high or near\u2010fixation in specific regions, notably East Africa, South America and inland China, while remaining rare elsewhere. This pattern indicates a strong population structure driven by regionally confined polymorphisms in host\u2010recognition genes. Furthermore, structural modelling supported direct molecular recognition between the resistance protein Yr9 and multiple candidate AvYr9 effectors, providing mechanistic insights into specificity. Together, this study establishes a global population\u2010genomic framework for effector discovery and elucidates virulence evolution in Pst. These candidates represent valuable resources for understanding rust pathogenicity and developing durable resistance in wheat.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:58:23Z","timestamp":1790236703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>GWAS<\/scp>\n                    With a Global Population of Wheat Stripe Rust Identified High\u2010Confidence Avirulence Gene Candidates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Siyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High\u2010Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling Shaanxi 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