{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:56:56Z","timestamp":1790575016385,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Plant Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Coffee leaf rust, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Hemileia vastatrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    , remains the most destructive disease of coffee worldwide. Although genomic and transcriptomic studies have identified a large number of candidate effectors, experimental evidence supporting their biological roles during infection remains limited. Here, we integrated functional assays, temporal expression profiling during coffee infection and subcellular localization analyses to investigate the biological properties of 44\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u2009vastatrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    effector candidates (HvECs). Using the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    EtHAn effector delivery system in\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 15 HvECs consistently suppressed pattern\u2010triggered immunity (PTI), indicating that immune suppression is a widespread property among the\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u2009vastatrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    effector repertoire, as assessed in this heterologous system. Five HvECs also attenuated AvrB\u2010triggered effector\u2010triggered immunity (ETI), and three suppressed both PTI and ETI, suggesting that a subset of HvECs targets conserved regulatory nodes shared by these interconnected immune pathways. Temporal expression profiling revealed sequential deployment of HvECs throughout infection, with distinct subsets predominating during pre\u2010biotrophic development, host penetration or biotrophic colonization, consistent with stage\u2010specific functions during fungal pathogenesis. Subcellular localization analyses further showed that HvECs preferentially accumulated in the nucleus or chloroplasts, compartments known as central hubs of plant immune regulation. This study provides the most comprehensive functional characterization of\n                    <jats:italic>H.\u2009vastatrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    effector candidates to date, establishes a biologically informed framework for prioritizing candidates for future identification of avirulence determinants recognized by\n                    <jats:italic>SH<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance genes, and advances our understanding of how the coffee rust fungus orchestrates immune suppression across time and cellular space during pathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.70341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:08:03Z","timestamp":1788930483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Functional Characterization of\n                    <i>Hemileia vastatrix<\/i>\n                    Effector Candidates Reveals Coordinated Immune Suppression, Sequential Deployment and Compartment\u2010Specific Targeting"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago","family":"Maia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and National Institute for Plant\u2010Pest Interactions\/Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (Bioagro) Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa  Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Science Innovation University of Nebraska\u2010Lincoln  Lincoln Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-9756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Marin\u2010Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and National Institute for Plant\u2010Pest Interactions\/Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (Bioagro) Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa  Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"},{"name":"Plant Pathology National Center for Coffee Research (CENICAF\u00c9)  Chinchin\u00e1 Caldas Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0940-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maicon N.","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and National Institute for Plant\u2010Pest Interactions\/Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (Bioagro) Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa  Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa G.","family":"Zanardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and National Institute for Plant\u2010Pest Interactions\/Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (Bioagro) Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa  Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8031-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio H.","family":"Brommonschenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and National Institute for Plant\u2010Pest Interactions\/Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (Bioagro) Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa  Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32825-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-06-12-0154-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15010230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/DN09052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"Gene Expression and Interactome Analysis of Candidate Effectors Associated With Pre\u2010 and Post\u2010Haustorial Hemileia vastatrix\u2013Coffee Interaction","volume":"5","author":"Castro I. 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