{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:52:33Z","timestamp":1793116353619,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]],"date-time":"2017-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Community's Seventh Framework Programme [FP7 VECTORIE]","award":["261466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["261466"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n In\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n urope,\n W<\/jats:styled-content>\n est\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n ile virus (\n WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) outbreaks have been limited to southern and central\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n uropean countries. However, competent mosquito vectors and susceptible bird hosts are present in northern\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n urope. Differences in temperature and vector competence of mosquito populations may explain the absence of\n WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n outbreaks in northern\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n urope. The aim of the present study was to directly compare vector competence of northern and southern\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n uropean\n Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Cx. p.<\/jats:italic>\n )\n pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n mosquitoes for\n WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n across a gradient of temperatures.\n WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n infection and transmission rates were determined for two\n Cx. p<\/jats:italic>\n . pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n populations originating from The\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n etherlands and\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n taly, respectively. Mosquitoes were orally exposed by providing an infectious bloodmeal, or by injecting\n WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n (lineage 2) in the thorax, followed by 14\u2010day incubation at 18, 23, or 28\u2009\u00b0C. No differences in infection or transmission rates were found between the\n Cx. p. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n populations with both infection methods, but\n WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n transmission rates were significantly higher at temperatures above 18\u2009\u00b0C. The absence of\n WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n outbreaks in northern\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n urope cannot be explained by differences in vector competence between\n Cx. p. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n populations originating from northern and southern\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n urope. This study suggests that low temperature is a key limiting factor for\n WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n transmission.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]],"date-time":"2017-07-28T04:37:14Z","timestamp":1501216634000},"page":"358-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Vector competence of northern and southern\n E<\/scp>\n uropean\n Culex pipiens pipiens<\/i>\n mosquitoes for\n W<\/scp>\n est\n N<\/scp>\n ile virus across a gradient of temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0027-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. B. F.","family":"Vogels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. P.","family":"G\u00f6ertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. P.","family":"Pijlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. J. M.","family":"Koenraadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002239","article-title":"Cooler temperatures destabilize RNA interference and increasesusceptibility of disease vector mosquitoes to viral infection","volume":"7","author":"Adelman Z.N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0421","article-title":"Temperature and dengue virus infection in mosquitoes: independent effects on the immature and adult stages","volume":"88","author":"Alto B.W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12164","article-title":"Culex pipiens and Stegomyia albopicta (=\u2009Aedes albopictus) populations as vectors for lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus in Europe","volume":"30","author":"Brustolin M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-71","article-title":"Detection of seroconversion to West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus in UK sentinel chickens","volume":"3","author":"Buckley A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6884120","article-title":"Culex pipiens in London underground tunnels: differentiation between surface and subterranean populations","volume":"82","author":"Byrne K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin","volume":"4","author":"Calistri P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Open Virology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.06.010161.002103","article-title":"Mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"Chamberlain R.W.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/376230","article-title":"The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"2015","author":"Chancey C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.2.449","article-title":"Environmental temperature on the vector competence of Culex univittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus","volume":"30","author":"Cornel A.J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw013","article-title":"The impact of cycling temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus","volume":"53","author":"Danforth M.E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1067-z","article-title":"Experimental studies on comparison of the vector competence of four Italian Culex pipiens populations for West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Fortuna C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12096","article-title":"Divergent host preferences of above\u2010 and below\u2010ground Culex pipiens mosquitoes and their hybrid offspring","volume":"29","author":"Fritz M.L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003956","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003956","article-title":"West Nile Virus: high transmission rate in north\u2010western European mosquitoes indicates its epidemic potential and warrants increased surveillance","volume":"9","author":"Fros J.J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.08.002","article-title":"Comparative Usutu and West Nile virus transmission potential by local Culex pipiens mosquitoes in north\u2010western Europe","volume":"1","author":"Fros J.J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.28.010183.001305","article-title":"Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses","volume":"28","author":"Hardy J.L.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289a","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayes E.B.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"D20119","article-title":"A European daily high\u2010resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950\u20132006","volume":"113","author":"Haylock M.\u2010R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040364","article-title":"West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Kilpatrick A.M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000092","article-title":"Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes","volume":"4","author":"Kilpatrick A.M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0005","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in vector competence of Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"83","author":"Kilpatrick A.M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"53","author":"Kramer L.D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101377108","article-title":"Impact of daily temperature fluctuations on dengue virus transmission by Aedes aegypti","volume":"108","author":"Lambrechts L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.04.001","article-title":"Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium populations from Central Europe are susceptible to West Nile virus infection","volume":"2","author":"Leggewie M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.063651-0","article-title":"Susceptibility of European jackdaws (Corvus monedula) to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 West Nile viruses","volume":"95","author":"Lim S.M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.140714","article-title":"Susceptibility of carrion crows to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 West Nile Viruses","volume":"21","author":"Lim S.M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.358","article-title":"Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infections in wild birds captured in Germany","volume":"77","author":"Linke S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03438.x","article-title":"Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes during a human outbreak in Greece","volume":"17","author":"Papa A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.151","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the transmission of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"30","author":"Reisen W.K.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.309","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"43","author":"Reisen W.K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0589","article-title":"Geographic variation in vector competence for West Nile virus in the Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) complex in California","volume":"7","author":"Vaidyanathan R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector\u2010Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1820","article-title":"Winter activity and aboveground hybridization between the two biotypes of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens","volume":"15","author":"Vogels C.B.F.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector\u2010Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vector competence of northern European Culex pipiens biotypes and hybrids for West Nile virus is differentially affected by temperature","volume":"9","author":"Vogels C.B.F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2009.080013","article-title":"Differential impact of West Nile virus on California birds","volume":"111","author":"Wheeler S.S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Condor"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"20141078","article-title":"Three\u2010way interactions between mosquito population, viral strain and temperature underlying chikungunya virus transmission potential","volume":"281","author":"Zouache K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Medical and Veterinary Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fmve.12251","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mve.12251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:34:06Z","timestamp":1762270446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mve.12251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mve.12251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mve.12251","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-283X","1365-2915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-283X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-12-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}