{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:26:51Z","timestamp":1769009211898,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R005362\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R005362\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca<\/jats:italic>\n                    Diesing 1841 (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) nematodes transmitted by blackflies. It is associated with poverty and imposes a significant health, welfare and economic burden on many tropical countries. Current methods to visualize infections within the vectors rely on invasive methods. However, using micro\u2010computed tomography techniques, without interference from physical tissue manipulation, we visualized in three dimensions for the first time an L1 larva of an\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca<\/jats:italic>\n                    species within the thoracic musculature of a blackfly,\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum s.l<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Theobald 1903 (Diptera: Simuliidae), naturally infected in Ghana. The possibility that thicker peritrophic membranes in savannah flies could account for their lower parasite loads was not supported, but there were limits to our analysis. While there were no statistically significant differences between the mean thicknesses of the peritrophic membranes, in the anterior, dorsal and ventral regions, of forest and savannah blackflies killed 34\u201348\u2009min after a blood\u2010meal, the thickness of the peritrophic membrane in the posterior region could not be measured. Micro\u2010computed tomography has the potential to provide novel information on many other parasite\/vector systems and impactful images for public engagement in health education.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T23:35:07Z","timestamp":1611272107000},"page":"231-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<scp>Micro\u2010CT<\/scp>\n                    imaging of\n                    <i>Onchocerca<\/i>\n                    infection of\n                    <i>Simulium damnosum s.l<\/i>\n                    . blackflies and comparison of the peritrophic membrane thickness of forest and savannah flies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8917-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. J. R.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Life Sciences and Core Research Laboratories Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Mart\u00edn\u2010Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Life Sciences and Core Research Laboratories Natural History Museum  London UK"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Unidad Docente de Zoolog\u00eda) Universidad de Alcal\u00e1  Alcal\u00e1 de Henares (Madrid) Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Life Sciences and Core Research Laboratories Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b)  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6542-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4591-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Pigoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. B. D.","family":"Veriegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Tetteh\u2010Kumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8541-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Y.","family":"Osei\u2010Atweneboana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. A.","family":"Cheke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture, Health and Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich  Medway Campus Chatham Maritime Kent UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1969441069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1970453295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Corr\u00e9lation entre le nombre de microfilaires ing\u00e9r\u00e9es et l'\u00e9paisseur de la membrane p\u00e9ritrophique du vecteur dans l'onchocercose de savane africaine","volume":"283","author":"Bain O.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S\u00e9ances de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences. S\u00e9rie D: Sciences Naturelles"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)00611-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2020)Parasites\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness). Onchocerciasis FAQs.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/onchocerciasis\/gen_info\/faqs.html[accessed on 11 June 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0406-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Davies J.B.&Crosskey R.W.(1991)Simulium\u2010 Vectors of Onchocerciasis Vector Control Series Advanced Level Training and Information Guide World Health Organisation Division of Control of Tropical Diseases WHO\/VBC\/91.992 115pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90223-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1832-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1968.11686536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1964.11686217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1966.11686422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00020976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300026705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20660"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26977-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12465"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017002074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"Philippon B.(1977)Etude de la transmissiond'Onchocerca volvulus(Leuckart 1893) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parSimulium damnosumTheobald 1903 (Diptera:Simuliidae) en Afrique tropicale. Travaux et Documents de l'ORSTOM Paris."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"Philippon B.(1978)L'onchocercose humaine en Afrique de l'Ouest. Initiations\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Documentations Techniques No. 37 ORSTOM Paris 199pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"Pinheiro J. Bates D. DebRoy S. Sarkar D.&R Core Team(2020)nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. 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