{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:43:52Z","timestamp":1781919832302,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002992","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, kala azar), caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    , transmitted by\n                    <jats:italic>Phlebotomus orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a serious systemic disease that causes high morbidity and mortality rates in Sudan and other parts of East Africa and the world. Despite progress in understanding the epidemiology of the disease in East Africa, little is known about the host preference of\n                    <jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in kala azar endemic villages of Sudan, which have some of the highest VL incidence rates in the world. The present study used host choice experiments and blood\u2010meal identification approaches to determine the host preference of\n                    <jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in kala azar endemic villages in Gedarif state, eastern Sudan. In the host choice experiment, tent traps were used to compare the attractiveness of cows, donkeys, sheep and goats for host\u2010seeking\n                    <jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In the blood\u2010meal identification study, blood\u2010fed\n                    <jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    females, captured inside houses and peri\u2010domestic habitats, were subjected to molecular typing using cytochrome\n                    <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (cyt\n                    <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) amplification and sequence analysis. Cows and donkeys were the most attractive to blood\u2010seeking\n                    <jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , followed by goats. Similarly, the blood\u2010meal analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed that the vector preferentially feeds on cows, followed by donkeys, humans and goats. The human blood index of\n                    <jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 19.4% (42\/216), indicating a high zoophilic habit of the vector, both inside and outside the houses. Although the order of host preference varied by location, it was clear that cows are the most preferred host of\n                    <jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the area. Results are discussed in relation to the role of domestic\/livestock animals in VL zoopotentiation and zooprophylaxis. Inference is made on the potential impact of insecticide treatment of cows in control of the vector and the transmission of VL in Sudan and other parts of East Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T11:28:09Z","timestamp":1691148489000},"page":"782-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Host preference and human blood index of\n                    <i>Phlebotomus orientalis<\/i>\n                    , an exophilic sand fly vector of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Tayseer","family":"Jibreel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases University of Gezira  Wad Medani Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altayeb","family":"Khogali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases University of Gezira  Wad Medani Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5615-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Entomolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Servicio de Parasitolog\u00eda, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5252-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeel","family":"Raiyed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of Khartoum  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"Dakein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kala azar Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Gedarif  Gedarif Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Department Federal Ministry of Health  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noteila M.","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Ibn Sina University  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omran F.","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of Khartoum  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakri Y. M.","family":"Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences University of Gezira  Wad Medani Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal Hassan","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing King Faisal Specialist Hospital &amp; Research Centre  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6662-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Entomolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Servicio de Parasitolog\u00eda, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4698-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Vidal\u2010L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Entomolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Servicio de Parasitolog\u00eda, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3882-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"D\u00edaz\u2010Rega\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Entomolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Servicio de Parasitolog\u00eda, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margriet","family":"den Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2920-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Alvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Academy of Medicine  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0188-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orin","family":"Courtenay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dia\u2010Eldin","family":"Elnaiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences University of Maryland Eastern Shore  Princess Anne Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Les phlebotomes de la region Eithiopienne (Diptera: psychodidae)","volume":"55","author":"Abonnenc E.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Memoires de la ORSTOM. 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