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Knowing the determinants of vector abundance could be thus useful in preventing West Nile fever (WNF) cases and associated socio\u2010economic impact. We designed a survey at the wildlife\u2013livestock interface to test the hypothesis that variations in environmental favourability between anthropized and wild scenarios modulate WNV vector abundance and transmission risk. In a continental Mediterranean region where WNF has recently emerged, we selected nine sampling sites and allocated three areas to every site with a decreasing gradient of wildlife\u2013livestock interaction: A\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2014a horse farm where interaction is maximal; A\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2014a zone of intermediate interaction 500\u20131000\u2009m from the farm; and A\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2014an entirely wild zone of low interaction 1\u20135\u2009km from the farm. At a fortnightly frequency, we estimated mosquito abundance at each of the 27 study sites in May\u2013December 2018 and April\u2013July 2019. We estimated bird and mammal abundance, collected meteorological information and characterised mosquito habitat at the site scale. Thereafter, we studied the determinants of\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato (s.l.) Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Culicidae) and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0Theobald, 1903 abundance by constructing negative binomial generalised linear mixed models. We identified 20 mosquito species, with a notable predominance of\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and, particularly, of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.l. We found differences in the spatiotemporal distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. abundance and confirmed our hypothesis by finding important effects of local environmental variations in abundance. The accumulated rainfall in fortnights 4\u201314 and the mean temperature of the two fortnights before sampling were positively and statistically significantly associated with the abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.l. (\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913.09,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, and\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099.91,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090. 001, respectively) and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913.35,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, and\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096.99,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively), while the mean temperature of the two previous fortnights was a positive statistically significant predictor (\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200914.69,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) of the abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The farm environment was the most conducive predictor to hosting\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. compared with wild settings. Our results indicate that continental Mediterranean environments are favourable for WNV circulation and maintenance, especially the environment of anthropized rural settings such as farms. These results will have an impact on the spatiotemporal risk prediction of WNF emergence in continental Mediterranean environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T14:13:52Z","timestamp":1730816032000},"page":"200-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Environmental determinants of West Nile virus vector abundance at the wildlife\u2013livestock interface"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Laia","family":"Casades\u2010Mart\u00ed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnolog\u00eda (SaBio) Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC), CSIC\u2013UCLM\u2013JCCM  Ciudad Real Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Peralbo\u2010Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnolog\u00eda (SaBio) Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC), CSIC\u2013UCLM\u2013JCCM  Ciudad Real Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Delacour\u2010Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unizar, Departamento de Patologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Zaragoza  Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Ruiz\u2010Fons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnolog\u00eda (SaBio) Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC), CSIC\u2013UCLM\u2013JCCM  Ciudad Real Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Barton K.(2009)Mu\u2010MIn: Multi\u2010model inference R Package Version0.12.2\/r18."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4s.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92874-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Bird census techniques. 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