{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:13:12Z","timestamp":1789427592923,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000836","name":"University of Liverpool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n In recent decades there has been a huge increase in the export of cut flowers from countries in Africa and elsewhere to European flower markets, with the vast majority first entering the Netherlands for local use or for export. Coincidentally, three significant livestock disease outbreaks caused by viruses associated with Africa or other tropical regions were first detected in the Netherlands (bluetongue virus serotype 8 (\n BTV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20108), 2006, and\n BTV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20103, 2023) and in western Germany about 200\u2009km from the Netherlands border (Schmallenberg virus,\n SBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 2011). This study aimed to determine whether\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the vectors of\n BTV<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n , are present within flower\u2010packaging plants in East Africa, and therefore whether\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n could be unknowingly exported during the shipping of cut flowers. Field sampling was undertaken at a flower\u2010packaging facility in Kenya, East Africa. The facility undertook all stages of cut flower production from maintaining rootstock through to packaging and shipping to an airport for international export. Trapping was undertaken at each stage of production (rootstock, propagation, inside growing greenhouses, in the packing\u2010house, inside cold\u2010storage rooms, during transportation) using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (\n CDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) Light Emitting Diode (\n LED<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) light traps. Hand\u2010held aspirators were used to obtain individual insects directly from flowers and around composting sites, while emergence traps studied insect emergence from compost, leaf litter and flowers discarded at quality control checkpoints. A maximum nightly catch of 269\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n was identified on a half\u2010acre smallholding, containing 15 ruminants and 40 birds, located 20\u2009m from the nearest greenhouse. The greatest numbers of\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n were trapped at a pond (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200923) and leaf\u2010litter compost site (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200919) within the curtilage of the flower\u2010packaging plant. Of the seven greenhouses sampled, three had\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n trapped overnight (mean\u2009=\u20094, range: 1\u20139), and no\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n were trapped in the propagation units. No\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n were trapped in the pack house, cold\u2010store, or during transportation of the flowers to the airport for shipment. No\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n emerged from emergence traps or were trapped when aspirating directly from flowers. This is the first study to investigate whether\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n are present within flower packaging plants in Africa. The results highlight that although present in small numbers both outside and within greenhouses, the presence of\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n declined with each stage of production. Therefore, the risk of exporting\n Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n with packaged cut flowers is non\u2010zero but likely very small.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.70016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:01:22Z","timestamp":1759910482000},"page":"260-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of the global transportation of\n Culicoides<\/i>\n biting midges, vectors of livestock and equid arboviruses, from flower\u2010packing plants in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Jessica Eleanor","family":"Stokes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals (LUCINDA) Group, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karien","family":"Labuschagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC \u2013 Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, EPV Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric Maurice","family":"F\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals (LUCINDA) Group, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire UK"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0335-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Baylis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals (LUCINDA) Group, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Anon. (2014)Kenya flower industry on a boom trajectory. FarmBiz Africa. Available at:https:\/\/farmbizafrica.com\/kenya-flower-industry-on-a-boom-trajectory[Accessed 29th June 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Anon. (2016)CBI trade statistics: cut flowers and foliage. CBI Market Intelligence The Hague. Available at:https:\/\/www.cbi.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/market\u2010information\/trade\u2010statistics\u2010cut\u2010flowers\u2010foliage\u20102016.pdf[Accessed 29th June 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Anon. (2019)Final pest risk analysis for cut flower and foliage imports\u2014part 1. Department of Agriculture Canberra. Available at:https:\/\/www.agriculture.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/sitecollectiondocuments\/biosecurity\/risk\u2010analysis\/plant\u2010reviews\/final\u2010report\u2010cut\u2010flowers.pdf[Accessed 29th June 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Baylis M. Stokes J.E. Labuschagne K. F\u00e8vre E.M.&Kluiters G.(2025)Kenyan flower data deposit. University of Liverpool repository. Available from:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17638\/datacat.liverpool.ac.uk\/3034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"644","article-title":"Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) reared from rotting cactus in Australia","volume":"29","author":"Dyce A.L.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Mosquito News"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.2.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biae124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.111905"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3008.231331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/20-6914.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"The taxonomy of Culicoides vector complexes \u2013 unfinished business","volume":"40","author":"Meiswinkel R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"Christopher Columbus and Culicoides: was C. jamaicensis Edwards, 1922 introduced into the Mediterranean 500\u2009years ago and later re\u2010named C. paolae Boorman 1996","volume":"40","author":"Meiswinkel R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.45.1.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-9-2173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400021239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1341-8"}],"container-title":["Medical and Veterinary Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mve.70016","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mve.70016","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mve.70016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:13:11Z","timestamp":1778065991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mve.70016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mve.70016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mve.70016","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-283X","1365-2915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-283X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}