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While macro\u2010mosaic applications of indoor residual spraying (IRS), a commonly used supplement to long\u2010lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), vary the active ingredients used from one village to the next, micro\u2010mosaics vary them between households. Here, a convenient procedure for micro\u2010mosaic deployment of two different IRS formulations at household level was piloted under routine programmatic conditions in south\u2010eastern Zambia, nested within a village\u2010scale macro\u2010mosaic that allowed comparison with each of the two formulations alone, in terms of the persisting residual densities and population composition of key malaria vector mosquito taxa. A community\u2010based entomological surveillance system was established to capture mosquitoes with Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light traps approximately once per month in each of 15 houses distributed across each of nine health facility catchment areas (HFCAs) scattered along a main road running through Luangwa district, for one full year immediately following completion of an IRS spray round. Each HFCA was purposively assigned one of three different IRS regimes in a macro\u2010mosaic, avoiding allocation of the same regime to any two adjacent HFCAs, except in one case that was necessitated by environmental regulations: (i) Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) across all houses, (ii) a mixture of clothianidin and deltamethrin (CD) across all houses or (iii) a micro\u2010mosaic wherein either DDT or CD was applied to every second house by teams of two sprayers working in parallel. To compare the residual populations of primary and secondary malaria vectors, persisting despite these IRS regimes and high background coverage with LLINs containing deltamethrin and a synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), generalized linear mixed effects models were fitted to the numbers of captured mosquitoes identified to group, complex and species levels. Over 1620 trap nights, the numbers of primary and secondary malaria vectors captured were generally very low, confounding precise estimation of mean densities or comparisons with satisfactory statistical power. Nevertheless, the densities of all\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    species identified were approximately comparable across all IRS regimes (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2265\u20090.1420), and no differences were observed between regimes regarding species composition of the\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2265\u20090.072) or\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2265\u20090.1410). Household\u2010level micro\u2010mosaic applications of distinct IRS formulations may be just as immediately effective over the short term as conventional macro\u2010mosaic deployments of each formulation separately in different villages, potentially offering a useful additional option for mitigating against resistance evolution over the long term.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.70080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:33:58Z","timestamp":1779082438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Indoor residual spraying of distinct insecticide formulations in a household\u2010scale micro\u2010mosaic format: Feasibility and effectiveness for malaria vector control in rural Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6412-5142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dingani","family":"Chinula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hills Hospital Grounds  Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork  Cork Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenzo","family":"Mumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hills Hospital Grounds  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben","family":"Zulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hills Hospital Grounds  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketty","family":"Ndhlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hills Hospital Grounds  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6832-1440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deogratius R.","family":"Kavishe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Ifakara Health Institute  Ifakara Morogoro United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil Philip","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Kiware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Ifakara Health Institute  Ifakara Morogoro United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork  Cork Republic of Ireland"},{"name":"Sustainability Institute, University College Cork  Cork Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7204-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busiku","family":"Hamainza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hills Hospital Grounds  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerry F.","family":"Killeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork  Cork Republic of Ireland"},{"name":"Sustainability Institute, University College Cork  Cork Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61350-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-62"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0761-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05363-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024336"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3121-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinula D. 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