{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:26:49Z","timestamp":1786598809002,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011880","name":"Acad\u00e9mie de recherche et d'enseignement sup\u00e9rieur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Vet Entomology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Tick\u2010borne diseases (TBDs), such as anaplasmosis and babesiosis, pose significant challenges to dairy farming in subtropical regions, where balancing tick control with immune development is essential to maintaining herd health. This study evaluated the immune responses of calves raised under confined and traditional systems in Ecuador. Serum samples from 124 cows and their calves were analysed using ELISA assays to detect\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibodies and\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigens. The results showed a significantly higher seroprevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>A. marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibodies in calves reared under traditional systems (98 %) compared to those raised under confinement (32 %) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), suggesting that early exposure to infected ticks enhances immune response development. In contrast, antigen levels for\n                    <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    were low overall (1 % Ag\u2010prevalence), suggesting limited pathogen circulation, although the Ag\u2010prevalence was slightly higher in traditional systems (2 %). In confined systems, maternal antibody transfer appeared to play a more prominent role, whereas calves in traditional systems developed a more active, independent immunity. These findings highlight the importance of calf\u2010rearing strategies that incorporate controlled tick exposure alongside targeted management practices to enhance herd resilience and mitigate economic losses. A balanced approach considering endemic stability could improve long\u2010term protection against TBDs in subtropical dairy farming systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:27:21Z","timestamp":1786595241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tick\u2010borne diseases in subtropical dairy farming: The role of calf rearing strategies in antibody and antigen prevalence"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Balseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad del Ecuador, Maestr\u00eda en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica Veterinaria, Jer\u00f3nimo Leyton s\/n y Gilberto Gatto Sobral  Quito Ecuador"},{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Paucar\u2010Quishpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"},{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR\u2010ULi\u00e8ge), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals &amp; Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liege  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Zoonosis (CIZ) Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richar","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Zoonosis (CIZ) Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Ot\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Zoonosis (CIZ) Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"},{"name":"Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth &amp; Life Institute UCLouvain  Louvain\u2010la\u2010Neuve Belgium"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronom\u00eda Universidad UTE  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dar\u00edo","family":"Cepeda\u2010Bastidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agr\u00edcolas Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Central del Ecuador  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda\u2010Augusta","family":"Ch\u00e1vez\u2010Larrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR\u2010ULi\u00e8ge), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals &amp; 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