{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:00:49Z","timestamp":1776103249579,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,12]],"date-time":"2013-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aPDT<\/jats:styled-content>) is an emerging alternative to treat infections based on the use of photosensitisers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSs<\/jats:styled-content>) and visible light. To investigate the fungicidal effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> against azole\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> strains using two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>s with a different mechanism of action, hypericin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HYP<\/jats:styled-content>) and 1,9\u2010dimethyl methylene blue (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMMB<\/jats:styled-content>), comparing their efficacy and the reactive oxygen species (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content>) species involved in their cytotoxicity. Azole\u2010resistant and the azole\u2010susceptible <jats:italic>C.\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic> strains were used. Solutions of 0.5 and 4 McFarland inoculum of each <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>andida<\/jats:italic> strain were treated with different concentrations of each PS, and exposed to two light\u2010emitting diode light fluences (18 and 37\u00a0J\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>). Mechanistic insight was gained using several ROS quenchers. The minimal fungicidal concentration of HYP for \u22653 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\u00a0CFU reduction (0.5 McFarland) was 0.62\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for most strains, whereas for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMMB<\/jats:styled-content> it ranged between 1.25 and 2.5\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Increasing the fluence to 37\u00a0J\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> allowed to reduce the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMMB<\/jats:styled-content> concentration. Higher concentrations of both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>s were required to reach a 6\u00a0log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> reduction (4 McFarland). H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was the main phototoxic species involved in the fungicidal effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HYP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> whereas <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was more important for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMMB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based treatments. a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> with either <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HYP<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMMB<\/jats:styled-content> is effective in killing of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic> strains independent of their azole resistance pattern. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HYP<\/jats:styled-content> was more efficient at low fungal concentration and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMMB<\/jats:styled-content> at higher concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,12]],"date-time":"2013-06-12T09:04:45Z","timestamp":1371027885000},"page":"35-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Photodynamic fungicidal efficacy of hypericin and dimethyl methylene blue against azole\u2010resistant <i>Candida albicans<\/i> strains"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"M. P.","family":"Paz\u2010Cristobal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University Hospital Miguel Servet Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Arag\u00f3n Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Royo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University Hospital Miguel Servet Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Arag\u00f3n Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Rezusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University Hospital Miguel Servet Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Arag\u00f3n Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Andr\u00e9s\u2010Ciriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University Hospital Miguel Servet Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Arag\u00f3n Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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