{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:54:31Z","timestamp":1783029271414,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI063503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI063503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mucormycosis is a fungal infection caused by organisms belonging to the order<jats:italic>Mucorales<\/jats:italic>. Although considered uncommon, mucormycosis has been steadily increasing in incidents for the last two decades. Mortality of the disease is unacceptably high despite antifungal therapy and surgical interventions. The lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and the absence of rapid diagnostic assay contribute to the poor prognosis of mucormycosis. The hyper susceptibility of patients with elevated available serum iron points to the critical role of the ability of<jats:italic>Mucorales<\/jats:italic>to acquire host iron as a critical virulence factor. Specifically patients with deferoxamine\u2010therapy, hyperglycaemic with or without ketoacidosis, or other forms of acidosis are uniquely predisposed to mucormycosis. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of infection in these patient categories in an attempt to identify novel therapies for a disease with poor prognosis. Emphasis on the effect of glucose and free iron on host\u2013pathogen interactions are also covered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]],"date-time":"2014-09-02T03:02:57Z","timestamp":1409626977000},"page":"13-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Host\u2010iron assimilation: pathogenesis and novel therapies of mucormycosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ashraf S.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division of Infectious Diseases Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor\u2010University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center and the St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center Torrance CA USA"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"524","volume-title":"MucormycosisMed Mycol","author":"Kwon\u2010Chung KJ","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"2979","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","author":"Sugar AM","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.783-788.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01420-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2006.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6640-7_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71046-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00797-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis749"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200412000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3314\/jjmm.49.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2008.076463"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"2311","volume-title":"Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases","author":"Sugar AM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195148091.003.0015","volume-title":"Clinical mycology","author":"Ibrahim AS","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"1192","volume-title":"Infectious Disease","author":"Edwards J","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.3.394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.31.12.1109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709578105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"The role of desferrioxamine in dialysis\u2010associated mucormycosis: report of three cases and review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Boelaert JR","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-5-782_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)95896-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)90314-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5255.1552"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"LiuM GhebremariamT SkoryC EdwardsJJ IbrahimAS.CBS domain\u2010containing proteins are Rhizopus oryzae ferrioxamine receptors52nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.San Francisco CA:American Society for Microbiology. 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