{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:33:39Z","timestamp":1790195619953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> epidemic in Uganda has highlighted <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infections as important opportunistic fungal infections. However, the burden of other fungal diseases is not well described. We aimed to estimate the burden of fungal infections in Uganda. All epidemiological papers of fungal diseases in Uganda were reviewed. Where there is no Ugandan data, global or East African data were used. Recurrent vaginal candidiasis is estimated to occur in 375 540 Uganda women per year; <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> in pregnant women affects up to 651\u00a0600 women per year. There are around 45\u00a0000 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010related oral and oesophageal candidosis cases per year. There are up to 3000 cases per year of post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. There are an estimated 40\u00a0392 people with asthma\u2010related fungal conditions. An estimated 1\u00a0300\u00a0000 cases of tinea capitis occur in school children yearly in Uganda. There are approximately 800 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive adults with <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic> pneumonia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PJP<\/jats:styled-content>) annually and up to 42 000 children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PJP<\/jats:styled-content> per year. There are an estimated 4000 cryptococcal cases annually. There are an estimated 2.5 million fungal infections per year in Uganda. <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PJP<\/jats:styled-content> cause around 28\u00a0000 deaths in adults and children per year. We propose replicating the model of research around cryptococcal disease to investigate and development management strategies for other fungal diseases in Uganda.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T06:51:15Z","timestamp":1444373475000},"page":"85-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Cryptococcal disease and the burden of other fungal diseases in Uganda; Where are the knowledge gaps and how can we fill them?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Parkes\u2010Ratanshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Achan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kwizera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kambugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Meya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. W.","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Aspergillosis Centre University Hospital of South Manchester The University of Manchester Manchester UK"},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"WHO.Uganda FACTSHEET. URLhttp:\/\/www.who.int\/countries\/uga\/en\/[accessed on 15 May 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda.Uganda aids indicator survey 2011. URLhttp:\/\/health.go.ug\/docs\/UAIS_2011_KEY_FINDINGS.pdf[accessed on 15 May 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X11311020007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"UNICEF. URLhttp:\/\/www.unicef.org\/infobycountry\/uganda_statistics.html#86[accessed on 15 May 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Burden of serious fungal infection in Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Oladele RO","year":"2014","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200201000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e318273e8cf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Statistics UBo.Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011 2012. URLhttp:\/\/dhsprogramcom\/pubs\/pdf\/PR18\/PR18pdf[accessed on 15 May 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.014845"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089441"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"WHO. URLhttps:\/\/extranet. who.int\/sree\/Reports? op=Replet&name=\/WHO_HQ_Reports\/G2\/PROD\/EXT\/TBCountryProfile&ISO2\u00a0=\u00a0UG&outtype=PDF [accessed on 20 March 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4104\/pcrj.2011.00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-014-0285-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"(GINA) GIfA.From the Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2012. URLhttp:\/\/www.ginasthma.org\/[accessed on 27 March 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.55.2.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.509138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.738312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v86i2.46934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70245-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e318287aced"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"PageI OnyachiN OpiraC OpwonyaJ Odongo\u2010AginyaE MockridgeA ByrneG RichardsonM DenningD.Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) frequently complicates pulmonary tuberculosis \u2013 interim results of a cross\u2010sectional survey. International Society for Human and Animal Mycology; MELBOURNE2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"WHO IAfRoC. URLhttp:\/\/globocan.iarc.fr\/Pages\/fact_sheets_population.aspx[accessed on 25 March 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.044636"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(12)70016-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318483"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.3.608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Causes of lower respiratory infection in HIV\u2010infected Ugandan adults who are sputum AFB smear\u2010negative","volume":"7","author":"Worodria W","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181eb611a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082257"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068445"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","first-page":"010401","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia in 2010: estimates of incidence, severe morbidity, mortality, underlying risk factors and causative pathogens for 192 countries","volume":"3","author":"Rudan I","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200201040-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/146532808X375404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181ce871e","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in South African children with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"29","author":"Morrow BM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181fcabe4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Autopsy causes of death in HIV\u2010positive individuals in sub\u2010Saharan Africa and correlation with clinical diagnoses","volume":"12","author":"Cox JA","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011183219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01874.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/587667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"182","article-title":"The aetiology of mycetoma in uganda compared with other african countries","volume":"42","author":"Wilson AM","year":"1965","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00437587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1996.03890310107018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00362176485190541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Histoplasmosis \u2010 an unusual African souvenir","volume":"138","author":"Raselli C","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"687","article-title":"Disseminated histoplasmosis duboisii in Uganda","volume":"45","author":"Mutesasira L","year":"1968","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Histoplasma infection in Uganda","volume":"54","author":"Mugerwa JW","year":"1977","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Histoplasmin tests in Ugandan sawmill workers","volume":"23","author":"Bezjak V","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.664","article-title":"Prevalence of skin sensitivity to histoplasmin and coccidioidin in varous Ugandan populations","volume":"19","author":"Bezjak V","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.595041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1998.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.4.698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205030-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2000.0697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0049475053001967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824c837e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2001.130906"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit641"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655785"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu664"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2014.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit435"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","first-page":"e0003847","article-title":"Cryptococcal genotype influences immunologic response and human clinical outcome after meningitis","volume":"9","author":"Wiesner DL","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp451"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","unstructured":"Minstry of Health Uganda.Addendum to the National Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines 2014. URLhttp:\/\/preventcryptoorg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Uganda-National-ART-Guidelines_2014pdf[accessed on 25 March 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","unstructured":"WHO.Rapid advice on diagnosis prevention and management of cryptococcal disease 2011. URLhttp:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/cryptococcal_disease2011\/en\/[accessed on 25 March 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","unstructured":"World Bank.Uganda Country Data. URLhttp:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/uganda[accessed on 25 March 2015]."}],"container-title":["Mycoses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fmyc.12387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/myc.12387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T08:57:46Z","timestamp":1694681866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/myc.12387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/myc.12387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.12387","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7407","1439-0507"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7407","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0507","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}}}