{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:39:31Z","timestamp":1784227171232,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are few reports of serious fungal infections in Nepal though the pathogenic and allergenic fungi including <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> species are common in the atmosphere. Herein, we estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal. All published papers reporting fungal infection rates from Nepal were identified. When few data existed, we used specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies in those populations to estimate national incidence or prevalence. Of the 27.3\u00a0M population, about 1.87% was estimated to suffer from serious fungal infections annually. We estimated the incidence of fungal keratitis at 73 per 100\u00a0000 annually. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is common with 215\u00a0765 cases, contributing to 1119 cases of invasive aspergillosis annually. Of 381\u00a0822 adult asthma cases, we estimated 9546 patients (range 2673\u201313\u00a0364) develop allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and 12\u00a0600 have severe asthma with fungal sensitisation. Based on 26\u00a0219 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, the annual incidence of new chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPA<\/jats:styled-content>) cases was estimated at 1678 with a 5\u00a0year period prevalence of 5289, 80% of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPA<\/jats:styled-content> cases. Of 22\u00a0994 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 counts &lt;350 not on antiretrovirals, <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> pneumonia was estimated at 990 cases annually. Cases of oral and oesophageal candidiasis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIDS<\/jats:styled-content> patients were estimated at 10\u00a0347 and 2950, respectively. There is a significant burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal. Epidemiological studies are necessary to validate these estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T06:51:15Z","timestamp":1444373475000},"page":"45-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ushana Shrestha","family":"Khwakhali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Amrit Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Aspergillosis Centre University Hospital of South Manchester The University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Aspergillus species in clinical specimen: a seven year prevalence study from eastern Nepal","volume":"13","author":"Amatya R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"9","author":"Shrestha S","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3314\/jjmm.49.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-7022-4-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089441"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.738312"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00226911"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Department of Health Services. 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