{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:35:53Z","timestamp":1788568553107,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Invasive mould infections (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMI<\/jats:styled-content>) in immunocompromised patients are difficult to diagnose. Early and targeted treatment is paramount, but minimally invasive tests reliably identifying pathogens are lacking. We previously showed that monitoring pathogen\u2010specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+T cells in peripheral blood using upregulation of induced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>154 positive lymphocytes can be used to diagnose acute <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMI<\/jats:styled-content>. Here, we validate our findings in an independent patient cohort. We stimulated peripheral blood cells from at\u2010risk patients with <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> spp. and Mucorales lysates and quantitated mould\u2010reactive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>69\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>154 positive lymphocytes via flow cytometry. Mould\u2010reactive lymphocytes were quantitated in 115 at\u2010risk patients. In 38 (33%) patients, the test was not evaluable, mainly due to low T cell counts or non\u2010reactive positive control. Test results were evaluable in 77 (67%) patients. Of these, four patients (5%) had proven <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMI<\/jats:styled-content> and elevated mould\u2010reactive T cell signals. Of 73 (95%) patients without proven <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMI<\/jats:styled-content>, 59 (81%) had mould\u2010reactive T cell signals within normal range. Fourteen (19%) patients without confirmed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMI<\/jats:styled-content> showed elevated T cell signals and 11 of those received antifungal treatment. The mould\u2010reactive lymphocyte assay identified presence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMI<\/jats:styled-content> with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 81%. The mould\u2010reactive lymphocyte assay correctly identified all patients with proven <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMI<\/jats:styled-content>. Assay applicability is limited by low T cell counts during bone marrow suppression. The assay has the potential to support diagnosis of invasive mould infection to facilitate tailored treatment even when biopsies are contraindicated or cultures remain negative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T01:16:47Z","timestamp":1556673407000},"page":"562-569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Mould\u2010reactive T cells for the diagnosis of invasive mould infection\u2014A prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department I of Internal Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn\u2010Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging\u2010Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Cornely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department I of Internal Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn\u2010Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging\u2010Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Trials Center Cologne University of Cologne ZKS Koeln Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) University of Cologne Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilmar","family":"Wisplinghoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisplinghoff Laboratories Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Virology and Clinical Microbiology Witten\/Herdecke University Witten Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene University of Cologne Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid C.","family":"Schauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging\u2010Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg J.","family":"Vehreschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department I of Internal Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Medical Department 2, Hematology\/Oncology Goethe University of Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Rybniker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department I of Internal Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) University of Cologne Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Hamprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn\u2010Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene University of Cologne Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miltenyi Biotec GmbH Bergisch Gladbach 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