{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:45:36Z","timestamp":1773920736873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two species complexes (SC) cause the majority of human <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> infections: <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> SC and <jats:italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic> SC. Infection is typically thought to be acquired following environmental exposure. In an urban setting, parks and other public spaces are a likely source of contact with <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> SC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The goals of this study were to describe the genetic diversity of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> SC in the California environment, to determine the extent of environmental exposure in publicly accessed areas and to correlate the genotypes of environmental <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> SC isolates with those from patients in southern California.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Specimens from trees and soil from 13 parks and public areas of seven California counties were examined for <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> SC isolates. Isolates were sequence typed and compared to sequence types from human clinical isolates from the same area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multilocus sequence typing identified <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto (VGI molecular type) as well as <jats:italic>Cryptococcus bacillisporus<\/jats:italic> (VGIII molecular type). Several <jats:italic>C.\u00a0bacillisporus<\/jats:italic> but none of the <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto isolates shared sequence types with human clinical isolates from southern California.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> SC colonies exist in some California public parks. The presence of identical STs in environmental and human isolates of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0bacillisporus<\/jats:italic> is suggestive of an arboreal origin of human infections. Two new tree species were documented as hosts for <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> SC in California, adding to the four species previously identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]],"date-time":"2019-08-03T07:34:03Z","timestamp":1564817643000},"page":"1029-1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Molecular typing of clinical and environmental isolates of <i>Cryptococcus gattii<\/i> species complex from southern California, United States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5575-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Hurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Lysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Cooksey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Branch California Department of Public Health Richmond CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duc J.","family":"Vugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Branch California Department of Public Health Richmond CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia P.","family":"Litvintseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn R.","family":"Lockhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA 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