{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:32:28Z","timestamp":1780695148980,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> is the leading cause of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV\/AIDS patients. As infections in humans are predominantly caused by the inhalation of basidiospores from environmental sources, therefore, analysing the population structure of both clinical and environmental populations of <jats:italic>C\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic> can increase our understanding of the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profile of a large collection of <jats:italic>C\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic> isolates (n\u00a0=\u00a0523) from clinical and environmental sources in India between 2001 and 2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> isolates were genotyped by AFLP, microsatellite typing (MLMT) and MLST. In vitro antifungal susceptibility for standard antifungals was undertaken using CLSI M27\u2010A3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All isolates were <jats:italic>C\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic>, AFLP1\/VNI and exhibited mating\u2010type MAT\u03b1. MLMT revealed that the majority of isolates belonged to microsatellite cluster (MC) MC3 (49%), followed by MC1 (35%), and the remaining isolates fell in 11 other MC types. Interestingly, two\u2010thirds of clinical isolates were genotype MC3 and only 17% of them were MC1, whereas majority of environmental strains were MC1 (54%) followed by MC3 (16%). Overall, MLST assigned 5 sequence types (STs) among all isolates and ST93 was the most common (n\u00a0=\u00a076.7%), which was equally distributed in both HIV\u2010positive and HIV\u2010negative patients. Geometric mean MICs revealed that isolates in MC1 were significantly less (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) susceptible to amphotericin B, 5\u2010flucytosine, itraconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole than isolates in MC3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study shows a good correlation between MLMT and MLST genotyping methods. Further, environmental isolates were genetically more diverse than clinical isolates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T06:10:26Z","timestamp":1575958226000},"page":"284-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Genotypic diversity in clinical and environmental isolates of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i> from India using multilocus microsatellite and multilocus sequence typing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Anupam","family":"Prakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute University of Delhi Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gandhi","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute University of Delhi Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brijesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine PGIMER &amp; Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferry","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Mycology Jining No. 1 People's Hospital Jining China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3253-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Meis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Centre\/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital Nijmegen Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2028-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Chowdhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute University of Delhi Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019760"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.Report on the India AIDS Epidemic. 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