{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:19:17Z","timestamp":1790446757460,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Republic of Congo (RoC) is characterised by a high prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV\/AIDS, which largely drive the epidemiology of serious fungal infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to estimate the current burden of serious fungal infections in RoC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using local, regional or global data and estimates of population and at\u2010risk population groups, deterministic modelling was employed to estimate national incidence or prevalence of the most serious fungal infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study revealed that about 5.4% of the Congolese population (283\u00a0450) suffer from serious fungal infections yearly. The incidence of cryptococcal meningitis, <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic> pneumonia and disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS patients was estimated at 560, 830 and 120 cases per year. Oral and oesophageal candidiasis collectively affects 12\u00a0320 HIV\u2010infected patients. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, 67% post\u2010tuberculosis, probably has a prevalence of 3420. Fungal asthma (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitisation) probably has a prevalence of 3640 and 4800, although some overlap due to disease definition is likely. The estimated prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and tinea capitis is 85\u00a0440 and 178\u00a0400 respectively. Mostly related to agricultural activity, fungal keratitis affects an estimated 700 Congolese yearly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data underline the urgent need for an intensified awareness towards Congolese physicians to fungal infections and for increased efforts to improve diagnosis and management of fungal infections in the RoC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T12:45:35Z","timestamp":1584449135000},"page":"543-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Current burden of serious fungal infections in Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-4553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fructueux M.","family":"Amona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Marien Ngouabi University Brazzaville Congo"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology\u2010Mycology Edith Lucie Bongo Ondimba General Hospital Oyo Congo"},{"name":"Research Center and Study of Infectious and Tropical Pathologies Oyo Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Aspergillosis Centre Wythenshawe Hospital The University of Manchester Manchester UK"},{"name":"Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) Cheshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatien","family":"Moukassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Marien Ngouabi University Brazzaville Congo"},{"name":"Research Center and Study of Infectious and Tropical Pathologies Oyo Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4528-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Hennequin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm Centre de Recherche Saint\u2010Antoine CRSA AP\u2010HP H\u00f4pital Saint\u2010Antoine Service de Parasitologie\u2010Mycologie Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Minsist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Population.Programme Biennal de D\u00e9veloppement Sanitaire 2015\u20132016.2014. 10 p.http:\/\/www.nationalplanningcycles.org\/sites\/default\/files\/planning_cycle_repository\/congo\/programme_biennal_2015_2016_final_03_sept14_pro.pdfAccessed October 3 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) PNLP.Plan strat\u00e9gique national de lutte contre le paludisme 2014\u20132018. Brazzaville.2014Accessed October 5 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Health systems in the Republic of Congo: Challenges and Opportunities for Implementing TB and HIV collaborative service, research and training activities","volume":"56","author":"Laure A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2015.https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/gtbr15_main_text.pdf%0D%0D. Accessed October 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Tuberculosis Profile Congo.2017.https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/country\/data\/profiles\/en\/. Accessed October 20 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS Country factsheets CONGO | 2018 HIV and AIDS Estimates.2018.https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/congoAccessed October 10 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-011-0072-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4020044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5020038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Congo Population.2016.https:\/\/www.uneca.org\/sites\/default\/files\/uploaded\u2010documents\/CountryProfiles\/2018\/congo_cp_fre_2017.pdf. Accessed October 20 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs PD.Total population \u2010 both sexes. World Population Prospects 2019 Online Edition Rev 1.2019;https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/Files\/1_Indicators(Standard)\/EXCEL_FILES\/1_Population\/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx. Accessed December 18 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"New cases of African histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis observed in the Republic of the Congo","volume":"7","author":"Renoirte R","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull Acad R Med Belg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90292-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90167-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1980.tb02109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojped.2017.73017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"DenningD.How Common are Fungal Diseases?2016.http:\/\/www.fungalinfectiontrust.org\/HowCommonareFungalDiseases5.pdf. Accessed December 20 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4020406"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Opportunistic parasitic diseases and mycoses in AIDS. Their frequencies in Brazzaville (Congo)","volume":"81","author":"Carme B","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Fil"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Cervico\u2010facial and ENT symptoms due to HIV infection in tropical area. About 253 Congolese cases","volume":"95","author":"Ondzotto G","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldh043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2004.07.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"African histoplamosis. A report of three pediatric cases","volume":"27","author":"Evrard RN","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"590","article-title":"Histoplasmose g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e chez un enfant immunocomp\u00e9tent au VIH","volume":"57","author":"Okoko A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Afr Noire"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Tum\u00e9faction fronto\u2010orbito\u2010palp\u00e9brale r\u00e9v\u00e9latrice d\u2019une histoplasmose africaine \u00e0 Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii chez un nourrisson de 13 mois. \u00c0 propos d\u2019une observation clinique et revue de la litt\u00e9rature","volume":"58","author":"Eboulabeka E","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Afr Noire"},{"issue":"40","key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Histoplasmose africaine \u00e0 histoplasma duboisii (Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii): quatorze cas congolais observ\u00e9s en 10 ans (1981\u20131990)","volume":"1991","author":"Carme B","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2014.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.08.010"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","first-page":"455","article-title":"Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"63","author":"Belayneh M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e32833e84d2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03360.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0330-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.116463"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2016.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2014.06.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.11.1211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BrownL BurtonMJ GichangiM DenningDW.The Global Incidence of Fungal Keratitis(August 10 2019).https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3466994. Accessed December 23 2019.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3466994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2013.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0058-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0468"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1496"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fungal infections in HIV\/AIDS","volume":"3099","author":"Limper AH","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2017.1317579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"HIV\u2010associated central nervous system disease in patients admitted at the Douala general hospital between 2004 and 2009: a retrospective study","volume":"2013","author":"Luma HN","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2014.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597262"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15464.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2325-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Pneumonie \u00e0 Pneumocystis carinii chez des patients atteints du SIDA au Congo","volume":"47","author":"M\u2019Boussa J","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Pneumol Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"[Principales manifestations cliniques au cours de la maladie provoqu\u00e9e par le virus de l\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience humaine (VIH ) \u00e0 Pointe\u2010Noire ( R\u00e9publique du Congo ). (307 cas hospitalis\u00e9s pendant 2 ans au service m\u00e9dical de l\u2019h\u00f4pital r\u00e9gional de l\u2019arm\u00e9e )]","volume":"53","author":"Cheval P","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200301000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3864"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-26"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2111.150278"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of candida species isolated from women attending a gynaecological clinic in kumasi","volume":"32","author":"Abruquah HH","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ghana. J Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05733.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","unstructured":"Minsist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Population.Liste nationales des medicaments essentiels du Congo. Organisation mondiale de la sante (OMS). 2013;22p.http:\/\/apps.who.int\/medicinedocs\/documents\/s22493fr\/s22493fr.pdf. Accessed December 20 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v12i2.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03548.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089441"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Occurrence of oral lesions in relation to clinical and immunological status among HIV\u2010infected adult","volume":"6","author":"Matee MI","year":"2000","journal-title":"Disq buccal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027119"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","first-page":"1549","article-title":"AIDS\u2010defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994\u20132007: a cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Buchacz K","year":"2010","journal-title":"SIDA"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1617-7"}],"container-title":["Mycoses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fmyc.13075","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/myc.13075","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/myc.13075","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/myc.13075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T14:37:15Z","timestamp":1694011035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/myc.13075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/myc.13075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.13075","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7407","1439-0507"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7407","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0507","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}