{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:12:03Z","timestamp":1792267923670,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scholarship for Patricia Helena Grizante Bari\u00e3o 0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scholarship for Patricia Helena Grizante Bari\u00e3o 0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans\/ Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic> species complex is composed of encapsulated yeast species that are causative agents of cryptococcosis. The characterisation of pathogenic <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> species provides useful data for epidemiological studies as well as the clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to characterise the epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility and virulence of 72 clinical strains isolated from cryptococcosis cases between 2012 and 2017 in a tertiary reference hospital in south\u2010eastern Brazil.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Species and molecular types were molecularly assessed by PCR and PCR\u2010restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the URA5 gene. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to the CLSI protocols. The virulence was studied in a <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> infection model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most frequently isolated strain was <jats:italic>C.\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic> molecular type VNI (61\/72; 84.7%), although <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> molecular type VNII (3\/72; 4.2%) was also isolated. Additionally, <jats:italic>C.\u00a0deuterogattii<\/jats:italic> molecular type VGII (8\/72; 11.1%) was present, but most frequently from non\u2010HIV\u2010infected patients. Non\u2010wild\u2010type phenotype to the antifungals was observed in 26.4% (19\/72) of the <jats:italic>C.\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C.\u00a0deuterogattii<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates, and the latter demonstrated higher MIC to fluconazole and itraconazole than <jats:italic>C.\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates. Finally, the virulence of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C.\u00a0deuterogattii<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates was diverse in <jats:italic>G\u00a0mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae and uncorrelated with the virulence factors of melanin and capsule.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The assessment of the spread of cryptococcal species and molecular types as well as the pattern of corresponding antifungal susceptibility and virulence aids in surveil the emergence of resistant strains, ensuring more accurate management of the cryptococcal infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T06:23:32Z","timestamp":1598941412000},"page":"1341-1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Molecular typing, <i>in vitro<\/i> susceptibility and virulence of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans\/Cryptococcus gattii<\/i> species complex clinical isolates from south\u2010eastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Helena","family":"Grizante Bari\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeirao Preto Departamento de Analises Clinicas, Toxicologicas e Bromatologicas Universidade de Sao Paulo  Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmilla","family":"Tonani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeirao Preto Departamento de Analises Clinicas, Toxicologicas e Bromatologicas Universidade de Sao Paulo  Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago Alexandre","family":"Cocio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto Departamento de Clinica Medica Universidade de Sao Paulo  Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto Departamento de Clinica Medica Universidade de Sao Paulo  Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rika","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto Departamento de Clinica Medica Universidade de Sao Paulo  Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1239-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia Regina","family":"von Zeska Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeirao Preto Departamento de Analises Clinicas, Toxicologicas e Bromatologicas Universidade de Sao Paulo  Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"The epidemiology of cryptococcosis and the characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated in a Brazilian University Hospital","volume":"59","author":"Aguiar PADF","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"595","volume-title":"Cryptococcus: From Human Pathogen to Model Yeast","author":"Sorrell TC","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FiracativeC LizarazoJ Illnait\u2010Zaragoz\u00edMT Casta\u00f1edaE.The status of cryptococcosis in Latin America. 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