{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:04:02Z","timestamp":1785801842353,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004160","name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004160","name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Galactomannan Enzyme Immunoassay (GM\u2010EIA) is proved to be a cornerstone in the diagnosis of COVID\u201019\u2010associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), its use is limited in middle and low\u2010income countries, where the application of simple and rapid test, including Galactomannan Lateral Flow Assay (GM\u2010LFA), is highly appreciated. Despite such merits, limited studies directly compared GM\u2010LFA with GM\u2010EIA. Herein we compared the diagnostic features of GM\u2010LFA, GM\u2010EIA and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) culture for CAPA diagnosis in Iran, a developing country.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials\/Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnostic performances of GM\u2010LFA and GM\u2010EIA in BAL (GM indexes \u22651) and serum (GM indexes &gt;0.5), i.e. sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) and areas under the curve (AUC), were evaluated using BAL (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009105) and serum (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009101) samples from mechanically ventilated COVID\u201019 patients in intensive care units. Patients were classified based on the presence of host factors, radiological findings and mycological evidences according to 2020 ECMM\/ISHAM consensus criteria for CAPA diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> GM\u2010LFA for serum and BAL samples showed a sensitivity of 56.3% and 60.6%, specificity of 94.2% and 88.9%, PPV of 81.8% and 71.4%, NPV of 82.3% and 83.1%, when compared with BAL culture, respectively. GM\u2010EIA showed sensitivities of 46.9% and 54.5%, specificities of 100% and 91.7%, PPVs of 100% and 75%, NPVs of 80.2% and 81.5% for serum and BAL samples, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study found GM\u2010LFA as a reliable simple and rapid diagnostic tool, which could circumvent the shortcomings of culture and GM\u2010EIA and be pivotal in timely initiation of antifungal treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T08:12:43Z","timestamp":1660810363000},"page":"960-968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparative analysis of galactomannan lateral flow assay, galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and <scp>BAL<\/scp> culture for diagnosis of <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019\u2010associated pulmonary aspergillosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Ghazanfari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamshid","family":"Yazdani Charati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotfollah","family":"Davoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center\/Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari 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Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Haghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabah","family":"Mayahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hoenigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Fungal\u2010Working Group University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8077-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad T.","family":"Hedayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari 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