{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:54:30Z","timestamp":1783029270269,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The second wave of COVID\u201019 in India was followed by large number of mucormycosis cases. Indiscriminate use of immunosuppressive drugs, underlying diseases such as diabetes, cancers, or autoimmune diseases was thought to be the cause. However, the mortality was not as high as that seen in non\u2010COVID mucormycosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the detailed characteristics of T\u2010cells for evaluating the underlying differences in the T\u2010cell immune dysfunction in post\u2010COVID and non\u2010COVID mucor patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included histopathologically confirmed cases of mucor (13 post\u2010COVID, 13 non\u2010COVID) and 15 healthy individuals (HI). Expression of T\u2010cell activation (CD44, HLADR, CD69, CD38) and exhaustion (CTLA, PD\u20101, LAG\u20103 and TIM\u20103) markers was evaluated by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All cases showed significant depletion of T\u2010cells compared to HI. Both post\u2010COVID and non\u2010COVID groups showed increased activation and exhaustion as compared to HI. Non\u2010COVID mucor group showed significant activation of CD4+ T cells for HLADR and CD38 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.025, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.054) and marked T\u2010cell exhaustion in form of expression of LAG\u20103 on both CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in comparison with post\u2010COVID patients (<jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u00a0.011, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.036). Additionally, co\u2010expression of PD\u20101 &amp; LAG\u20103 and LAG\u20103 &amp; TIM\u20103 on CD8+ T cells was statistically significant in non\u2010COVID mucor patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.016, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.027).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunosuppression in non\u2010COVID mucor showed pronounced exhaustion of T\u2010cells in comparison to post\u2010COVID mucor cases implicating T\u2010cell immune dysfunction is much more severe in non\u2010COVID mucor which are in a state of continuous activation followed by extreme exhaustion leading to poorer outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T08:21:29Z","timestamp":1666945289000},"page":"202-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["T\u2010cell dysfunction as a potential contributing factor in <scp>post\u2010COVID<\/scp>\u201019 mucormycosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Dandu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine King George's Medical University  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology King George's Medical University  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardeep Singh","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology King George's Medical University  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine King George's Medical University  Lucknow 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