{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T21:26:11Z","timestamp":1777325171003,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic> is one of the most common human pathogenic fungi, with the infections often managed through empirical drug use. However, treatments frequently lead to relapse upon withdrawal. The rise in drug\u2010resistant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> cases has led to an increased demand for drug susceptibility assays in clinical settings to guide antifungal drug selection and monitor therapeutic outcomes. However, insufficient sporulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> on routinely\u2010used media presents a significant challenge, limiting the widespread use of drug sensitivity tests on a large scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is an urgent need to develop a new, effective culture method that can promote rapid and abundant sporulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we adopted a nutrient\u2010rich medium (Yeast extract\u2010glucose YAG) which demonstrated superior efficacy in promoting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> sporulation compared to PDA and OA mediums.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abundant microconidia production of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> was observed at 30\u00b0 between 7 to 10\u2009days on YAG medium, and this sporulation was further enhanced under elevated carbon dioxide conditions. Particularly, a 20% carbon dioxide environment significantly improved <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> sporulation on PDA by 30\u2010fold, equivalent to the sporulation effect with YAG cultivation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This enhanced sporulation was confirmed in 37 clinical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> isolates, highlighting the potential applicability of YAG medium in both clinical and research settings for drug susceptibility assays and pathogenesis studies. These findings also offer new insights into improving sporulation in other fungi with low spore production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T05:25:48Z","timestamp":1741757148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A New Medium That Promotes Mass Sporulation of <i>Trichophyton rubrum<\/i> In\u00a0Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Hailin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical Center  Washington D.C USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weida","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201900675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0073-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.03.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof1020130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S145027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00520-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02393-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.720609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-023-00811-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.1126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896\u201012020\u201010601\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1020274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myt011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi","author":"Alexander B. D.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2290757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2013.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.029215-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00263-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00452829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00863-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9581-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"642","article-title":"Growth of Trichophyton Mentagrophytes and Trichophyton Rubrum in Increased Carbon Dioxide Tensions","volume":"16","author":"Chin B.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Mycoses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/myc.70039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T16:36:10Z","timestamp":1745166970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/myc.70039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/myc.70039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.70039","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7407","1439-0507"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7407","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0507","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70039"}}