{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:45:55Z","timestamp":1790729155876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study reports the first isolation of a multidrug\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain in China, characterizing its drug resistance profile and mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The isolate was identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In\u00a0vitro antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was performed according to the M38\u2010A3 CLSI guideline to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against eight antifungals (terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole, amorolfine, griseofulvin, voriconazole, luliconazole and amphotericin B). Whole genome sequencing (WGS), transcriptome sequencing and qRT\u2010PCR were performed to explore the resistance mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The multidrug\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      strain L\u20106424 was isolated from a Chinese patient with generalised tinea corporis\/cruris, tinea unguium and tinea manuum. It exhibited elevated MICs to terbinafine (2\u2009mg\/L), itraconazole (0.5\u2009mg\/L), and amorolfine (0.5\u2009mg\/L). The phylogenetic tree based on genome\u2010wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed L\u20106424 is not a novel genotype of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , with high genetic similarity (99.94%) with the reference strain (CBS 139224). There were three amino acid substitutions in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE), including the previously reported F397L and H440Y, as well as a newly discovered V105M, and one amino acid substitution in the CYP51A (R239C) was identified. Also, significant differences at the transcriptome level between the drug\u2010resistant and sensitive strains were observed, and it was screened and found that\n                      <jats:italic>CYP51A, TruMDR5<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>TERG_08139<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be related to azole resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Drug\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      has emerged in China, indicating the possibly increasing severity of antifungal resistance. The complex mechanism of multidrug\u2010resistant dermophytes poses challenges to clinical treatment, needing more attention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.70128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T08:45:44Z","timestamp":1763455544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The First Isolation of Multiple Antifungal\u2010Drug\u2010Resistant\n                    <i>Trichophyton Rubrum<\/i>\n                    in China and the Novel Resistance Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ge","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Hospital for Skin Diseases Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Hospital for Skin Diseases Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Dermatology  Nanjing China"},{"name":"CAMS Collection Centre of Pathogen Microorganisms\u2010D (CAMS\u2010CCPM\u2010D)  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3483-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Hospital for Skin Diseases Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Dermatology  Nanjing China"},{"name":"CAMS Collection Centre of Pathogen Microorganisms\u2010D (CAMS\u2010CCPM\u2010D)  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Hospital for Skin Diseases Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing China"},{"name":"CAMS Collection Centre of Pathogen Microorganisms\u2010D (CAMS\u2010CCPM\u2010D)  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement K. M.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Laboratory National Centre for Infectious Diseases  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"LKC School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Xiaodong She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Hospital for Skin Diseases Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Dermatology  Nanjing China"},{"name":"CAMS Collection Centre of Pathogen Microorganisms\u2010D (CAMS\u2010CCPM\u2010D)  Nanjing 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