{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:21:55Z","timestamp":1787728915647,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Superficial foot mycoses (SFM), including onychomycosis and tinea pedis, are common fungal infections among athletes, particularly professional footballers, owing to repetitive trauma, occlusive footwear, communal facilities, and hygiene practices. These infections may cause discomfort, nail deformity, and impaired athletic performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence, clinical spectrum, and factors associated with SFM among professional footballers in the Tanzanian Premier League between 13th August 2024 to 12th August 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A community\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among 314 professional footballers from 13 Premier League clubs (9 males and 4 females). Clinical examinations and KOH microscopy were performed at Mwananyamala Regional Referral Hospital, Dar es Salaam. Socio\u2010demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires and checklists. Modified Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with SFM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of SFM was 36.9%. Onychomycosis occurred in 17.2%, tinea pedis in 12.4%, and co\u2010infections in 7.3%. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (16.9%) and interdigital tinea pedis (12.4%) were the predominant clinical forms. Inter\u2010toe maceration (48.3%), toenail dystrophy (45.7%), and itchiness (44.0%) were the most frequent symptoms. Significant associated factors included toenail trauma (APR\u2009=\u20092.00,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), sharing socks (APR\u2009=\u20091.42,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.032), communal shower use (APR\u2009=\u20092.98,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007), and family history of SFM (APR\u2009=\u20091.57,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SFM is highly prevalent among Tanzanian Premier League footballers. Modifiable hygiene practices and environmental exposures significantly increase infection risk, highlighting the need for targeted health education, improved sanitation, and routine screening programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:46:02Z","timestamp":1785498362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Foot Mycoses Among Tanzanian Footballers: A Clinico\u2010Epidemiological Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2327-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Mhando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John's Institute of Dermatology King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Kitira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alya","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Mboneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Sciences, Technics and Technology, Bamako  Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamilya","family":"Mzee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millcent M.","family":"Nyange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Mushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rune Nathaniel","family":"Philemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Muiruri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences Duke University School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Center for Pathway Programs Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daudi","family":"Mavura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Regional Dermatological Training Center  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Fungal Infection of the Feet in Soccer Players and Non\u2010Athlete Individuals","volume":"55","author":"Sheylla Malta Purim K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Micolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257\u2010019\u201000448\u20104"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Prevalence of Superficial Fungal Infections Among Sports\u2010Active Individuals: Results From the Achilles Survey, a Review of the Literature","volume":"15","author":"Caputo R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16751"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9360-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-017-4120-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Prevalencia y factores relacionados a onicomicosis y tinea pedis en futbolistas de Casanare, Colombia","volume":"19","author":"Aguilera Becerra A. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatolog\u00eda Cosm\u00e9tica, M\u00e9dica y Quir\u00fargica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-009-9209-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Epidemiological Aspects of the Feet Mycosis in a Chinese Soccer Team","volume":"12","author":"Purim K. S. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","article-title":"Transmission of Onychomycosis and Dermatophytosis Between Household Members: A Scoping Review","volume":"8","author":"Jazdarehee A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90065-1"}],"container-title":["Mycoses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/myc.70212","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/myc.70212","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/myc.70212","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:31:20Z","timestamp":1787725880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/myc.70212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/myc.70212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.70212","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7407","1439-0507"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7407","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0507","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70212"}}