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Deregulation of hypothalamic hormone receptors, growth factors and cAMP<\/jats:styled-content> signalling have been implicated in the aetiology of PA<\/jats:styled-content>. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs<\/jats:styled-content>) are derived from past exogenous retroviral infections and represent more than 8% of the human genome. Some ERV<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> genes encode open reading frames and produce functional proteins, for example, the ERVW\u20101<\/jats:italic> envelope<\/jats:styled-content> gene Syncytin\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, essential for placentogenesis, but also deregulated in human tumours. Data concerning ERV<\/jats:styled-content> expression in the AH<\/jats:styled-content> and related endocrine tumours are missing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>S<\/jats:styled-content>yncytin\u20101 protein was analysed in normal AH<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) and compared with five PA<\/jats:styled-content> subtypes (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009117) by immunohistochemistry. Absolute gene expression of 20 ERV<\/jats:styled-content> functional envelope<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> genes and ERVW<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 gag<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> was measured. PA<\/jats:styled-content> tissues were examined for S<\/jats:styled-content>yncytin\u20101 and the cAMP<\/jats:styled-content> signalling marker phospho\u2010CREB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Ser<\/jats:styled-content>133 using immunohistochemistry. Isolated primary human PA<\/jats:styled-content> cells were treated with different hormones. Murine embryonic and adult pituitary gland ERV<\/jats:styled-content> expressions were compared with human AH<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>S<\/jats:styled-content>yncytin\u20101 protein colocalized with corticotropic cells of AH<\/jats:styled-content>. In contrast, all PA<\/jats:styled-content> demonstrated significant S<\/jats:styled-content>yncytin\u20101 protein overexpression, supporting deregulation. All other ERV<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> genes showed significant up\u2010regulations in different PA<\/jats:styled-content> subtypes. Phospho\u2010CREB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Ser<\/jats:styled-content>133 and S<\/jats:styled-content>yncytin\u20101 colocalized in PA<\/jats:styled-content> cells. Cultivated primary PA<\/jats:styled-content> cells with ACTH<\/jats:styled-content> or CRH<\/jats:styled-content> induced their respective receptors and ERV<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> genes. Syncytin\u2010A\/\u2010B<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, murine orthologues to human Syncytin\u20101\/\u20102<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, localized to embryonic and adult pituitary glands demonstrating functional mammalian conservation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Deregulated ERV<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> genes may contribute to PA<\/jats:styled-content> development via cAMP<\/jats:styled-content> signalling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]],"date-time":"2014-03-17T08:29:15Z","timestamp":1395044955000},"page":"180-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Activation and regulation of endogenous retroviral genes in the human pituitary gland and related endocrine tumours"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Rolf","family":"Buslei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology University\u2010Clinic 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