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Recently, mounting evidence points to a common pathology of these disorders. Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTOR<\/jats:styled-content>) has been proposed as a central mechanism in most, if not all, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCD<\/jats:styled-content>s. The transition from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTOR<\/jats:styled-content> hyperactivation and cellular abnormalities to large\u2010scale functional changes and seizure is, however, not fully understood. In this article we set out to review currently available information regarding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCD<\/jats:styled-content> pathology, focusing on glial cells \u2013 especially astrocytes \u2013 and their interactions with the brain vascular system. A large body of evidence points to these elements as potential targets in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCD<\/jats:styled-content>. Here, we attempt to provide a review of this evidence and propose some hypotheses regarding the possible chain of events linking primary glial dysfunction and epilepsy. We focus on extracellular matrix remodelling, blood\u2013brain barrier leakage and failure of astrocyte\u2010dependent removal of extracellular debris. We posit that the failure of these systems results in a chronically pro\u2010inflammatory environment, maintaining local astrocytes in a state of gliosis, with increased susceptibility to seizures as a consequence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]],"date-time":"2016-06-03T08:16:49Z","timestamp":1464941809000},"page":"593-606","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Review: Roles for astrocytes in epilepsy: insights from malformations of cortical development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Kielbinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy Institute of Zoology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Gzielo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy Institute of Zoology Jagiellonian University Krakow 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