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However, the roles, functions, and expression of citrullinated vimentin have not yet been elucidated because available antibodies are limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed mouse monoclonal IgG1 and IgM specific for vimentin citrullinated at position R440 or R450 and applied Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescent staining to investigate the pathogenesis of prion diseases in animal models, in patients with prion diseases, and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vimentin was found to be highly citrullinated at R440 and R450, and these citrullinated forms were mainly expressed in reactive astrocytes in the brain tissues of scrapie\u2010infected mice. Full\u2010length and cleaved forms of citrullinated vimentin were found in the cerebral cortices of sporadic Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob disease (sCJD) patients. The distribution of citrullinated vimentin was mainly confirmed in vimentin\u2010, GFAP\u2010, and YKL\u201040\u2010positive reactive astrocytes. Biochemically, citrullination promoted resistance to the caspase\u20103\u2010 and caspase\u20109\u2010mediated fragmentation of vimentin. Additionally, citrullination led to increased cytoplasmic and integral membrane\/organelle vimentin enrichment, which indicated changes in the intrinsic solubility and distribution of vimentin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our observations suggest that citrullinated vimentin acts as a specific indicator for the reactive state of astrocytes under abnormal neurological conditions. In addition, these novel antibodies will be helpful for studying the role of citrullinated vimentin in the pathogenesis of human disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T20:34:39Z","timestamp":1586464479000},"page":"751-769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vimentin citrullination probed by a novel monoclonal antibody serves as a specific indicator for reactive astrocytes in neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang 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