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Clinical data were collected via clinical interviews and health questionnaires completed by the participants and\/or their next of kin, and neuropsychological testing was conducted with participants who were capable of completing this testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All cases exhibited progressive cognitive impairment during life. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathological change was identified in four out of the six cases. However, coexisting neuropathologies were common, with limbic\u2010predominant age\u2010related TDP\u201043 encephalopathy and ageing\u2010related tau astrogliopathy seen in all cases, intermediate or high Alzheimer's disease neuropathological change seen in four cases and hippocampal sclerosis seen in two of the six cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of multiple neuropathologies in these cases complicates clinical diagnostic efforts for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome. It will be important for further clinicopathological studies on larger groups to report all neuropathological comorbidities found in cases diagnosed with either chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathological change and\/or traumatic encephalopathy syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T12:00:31Z","timestamp":1710849631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change in former Australian rugby players"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0399-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences University of New South Wales  Kensington New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona A.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant L.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Mass General for Children Sports Concussion Program  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing The University of Newcastle  Callaghan New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute  New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401\u2010015\u20101515\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlab001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8334"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12757"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1143882"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401\u2010018\u20101926\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401\u2010019\u201002030\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011668"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000163407.92769.ED"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401\u2010015\u20101502\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac189"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlz017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.624696"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlac071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203199"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102023\u2010106890"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12338"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"CritchleyM.Punch\u2010drunk syndromes: the chronic traumatic encephalopathy of boxers. 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