{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:30:00Z","timestamp":1787495400635,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition Bulletin"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity are involved in the development and maintenance of depression, but the mechanism by which these factors influence mental health remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gastrointestinal health helps explain some of the relationship between these lifestyle factors and depression. The study used a cross\u2010sectional design to compare dietary intake, physical activity and gastrointestinal health in three groups, healthy (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009235), lifetime depression (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009161) and current depression (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200986). Dietary intake was measured by the Fruit And Vegetable VAriety index, N\u20103 PUFA Food Frequency Questionnaire and Prebiotic and Probiotic Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlations and Hayes PROCESS macro mediation analysis were used to compare the groups and examine the relationships. Physical activity and gastrointestinal health differed significantly between the groups with no differences in overall fruit and vegetable, omega\u20103 and probiotic food intake. Bootstrapped correlations showed that higher fruit and vegetable and omega\u20103 intake were associated with lower gastrointestinal symptom and depression scores, but effects were weak. Furthermore, higher occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms was moderately associated with higher depression scores. Results from a series of exploratory mediation analyses suggested that gastrointestinal symptoms mediated the relationship between lifestyle factors and depression status. These data indicate that the effects of lifestyle factors on depression might partly work through the gastrointestinal system. The findings of this study help further understand the mechanisms between dietary intake and physical activity, and depression and can inform future longitudinal and experimental studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T05:58:45Z","timestamp":1741759125000},"page":"239-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diet, Physical Activity and Depression: Does Gastrointestinal Health Help Explain the Relationship Between Lifestyle Factors and Depression?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Deili","family":"Sinimeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Centre for Innovation in Mental Health University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6832-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4584-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Golm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Centre for Innovation in Mental Health University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-015-0324-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"So Depression Is an Inflammatory Disease, but Where Does the Inflammation Come From?","volume":"11","author":"Berk M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Central Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516003056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13335"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","article-title":"Effects of Omega\u20103 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Functions: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Dighriri I. 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