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As a result, considerable attention has been directed towards the identification and validation of dietary biomarkers, which represent a more objective method for estimating FV intake and have the potential to improve the validity of future epidemiological studies concerning FV intake and its relationship with health outcomes. Several biomarkers, including urinary potassium, flavonoids, hippuric acid, serum\/plasma and erythrocyte folate, serum\/plasma vitamin C, and blood and skin carotenoids, appear to offer promise as FV intake biomarkers. However, many possess important limitations that have not been thoroughly explored and addressed, and continued efforts are being made to discover others that may offer further advantages in relation to the cost, ease, and invasiveness of measurement methods. 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