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Edible insects are a promising alternative, offering nutritional, environmental and socio\u2010economic advantages. Currently consumed by approximately two billion people worldwide, insects are rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, usually making them nutritionally comparable to or potentially superior to conventional protein sources. Their farming systems require minimal land, water and feed inputs while generating substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions. Despite these advantages, several challenges hinder mainstream adoption. Consumer acceptance in Western markets remains low due to cultural neophobia, while regulatory frameworks, safety standards and welfare guidelines remain underdeveloped. Technical barriers, including variable nutritional composition, contamination risks and the great influence of rearing substrates, also limit scalability, while ethical debates on insect sentience and welfare further complicate industry development. This review provides an updated, stand\u2010alone review to that of Doberman et\u00a0al. This review highlights the current opportunities and challenges in insects as food and feed by evaluating key factors which support and hinder its wider integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T09:49:48Z","timestamp":1792489788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Updated Review of the Opportunities and Challenges in Insects as Food and Feed"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5463-2167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kieran David","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3082-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Whitney","family":"Vale\u2010Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6117-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros Ch.","family":"Stratakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Sustainable Agri\u2010Food &amp; Environment, School of Applied Sciences, College of Health, Science and Society University of the West of England  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"Doran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Sustainable Agri\u2010Food &amp; Environment, School of Applied Sciences, College of Health, Science and Society University of the West of England  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5273-4298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor","family":"Drinkwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus  Richmond New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6805-3737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science University of Massachusetts  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7412-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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