{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T21:16:53Z","timestamp":1773868613469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]],"date-time":"2013-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content>) among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010na\u00efve patients in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ainland <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this multicenter cross\u2010sectional study, glomerular filtration rate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFR<\/jats:styled-content>) was calculated using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>odification of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>iet in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>enal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>isease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDRD<\/jats:styled-content>) equation. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content> was defined as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFR<jats:sub>MDRD<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009&lt;\u200960\u2009mL\/min per 1.73\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and\/or isolated proteinuria (\u22651\u2009+\u2009on urine dipstick) that persisted at month 3 after the baseline assessment. Risk factors associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content> were examined using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 538 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010na\u00efve patients were included in this study. There were 399 male and 139 female patients. The mean age was 36.5\u2009\u00b1\u200910.0 years. The prevalence of hypertension, glycometabolism abnormities, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content> were 3.2%, 3.0%, and 16.1%, respectively. Thirteen (2.4%) patients had estimated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFR<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR)<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009&lt;\u200960\u2009mL\/min per 1.73\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, while 73 (13.7%) patients had proteinuria. Using univariate analysis, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content> was found to be significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) associated with age, hypertension, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> co\u2010infection, and plasma <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 viral load\u2009\u2265\u2009100\u2009000 copies\/m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>. In the multivariate logistic regression model, older age (increased by an interval of 10 years; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> co\u2010infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039), and plasma <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 viral load\u2009\u2265\u2009100\u2009000 copies\/mL (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011) were significantly associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content> is high in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hinese <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010na\u00efve patients. Traditional risk factors for renal disease, such as advancing age, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> co\u2010infection, and higher plasma viral load were correlated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CKD<\/jats:styled-content> in the present patient samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,11]],"date-time":"2013-01-11T12:10:15Z","timestamp":1357906215000},"page":"307-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease among <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected antiretroviral therapy\u2010na\u00efve patients in <scp>M<\/scp>ainland <scp>C<\/scp>hina: A multicenter cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengchun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taisheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"2009 Estimates for the HIV\/AIDS Epidemic in China","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200204010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005040340"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"74","author":"Naicker S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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