{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:08:17Z","timestamp":1773864497385,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,18]],"date-time":"2013-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>Treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD<\/jats:styled-content>) poses a huge burden to the healthcare system. To address the problem, the N<\/jats:styled-content>ational K<\/jats:styled-content>idney F<\/jats:styled-content>oundation of M<\/jats:styled-content>alaysia embarked on a programme to screen for proteinuria and educate the public on CKD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>The public was invited for health screening and the data collected over a 21 month period was analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In total, 40\u2009400 adults from all the states in M<\/jats:styled-content>alaysia were screened. The screening population had a mean age of 41 years, 30.1% had hypertension and 10.6% had diabetes. Proteinuria was detected in 1.4% and haematuria in 8.9% of the participants. Factors associated with the highest risk for proteinuria were the presence of diabetes (adjusted odds ratio (OR<\/jats:styled-content>) 2.63 (95% confidence interval (CI)<\/jats:styled-content> 2.16\u20133.21)), hypertension (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.49 (95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.03\u20133.07)) and cardiac disease (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.05 (95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.50\u20132.81)). Other risk factors identified were lower educational level, family history of kidney disease, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity and lack of regular exercise. C<\/jats:styled-content>hinese had the lowest risk for proteinuria among the races (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.71 (95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.57\u20130.87) compared with M<\/jats:styled-content>alays). The combination of high blood glucose and high blood pressure (BP<\/jats:styled-content>) substantially increased the risk for proteinuria (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 38.1 for glucose \u2265\u200910\u2009mmol\/L and systolic BP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009\u2265\u2009180\u2009mmHg and OR<\/jats:styled-content> 47.9 for glucose \u2265\u200910\u2009mmol\/L and diastolic BP<\/jats:styled-content> \u2265\u2009110\u2009mmHg).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>The prevalence of proteinuria in M<\/jats:styled-content>alaysia is similar to other countries. The major risk factors for proteinuria were diabetes, hypertension and cardiac disease. The presence of both high blood pressure and high blood glucose exert a synergistic effect in substantially increasing the risk for proteinuria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]],"date-time":"2013-06-19T08:02:08Z","timestamp":1371628928000},"page":"569-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for proteinuria: T<\/scp>he N<\/scp>ational K<\/scp>idney F<\/scp>oundation of M<\/scp>alaysia L<\/scp>ifecheck H<\/scp>ealth S<\/scp>creening programme"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Loke Meng","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre Penang Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narayanan","family":"Punithavathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre Penang Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dharminy","family":"Thurairatnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre Penang Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadzlinda","family":"Zainal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre Penang Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei Li","family":"Beh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Info\u2010kinetics Ltd. 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