{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:02:21Z","timestamp":1783090941019,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a synthetic anti\u2010fibrinolytic agent commonly used for the prevention and treatment of bleeding disorders. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical manifestation of TXA toxicity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2005 to 2014, we encountered four CKD patients who experienced severe complications related to TXA. Clinical manifestations and outcome of these patients were recorded. We then performed a qualitative literature review of published cases of TXA toxicity in CKD patients in the PubMed database from 1 January 1972 to 31 December 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our centre, two peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients developed neurotoxicity after intravenous TXA use for surgical bleeding and one PD patient developed neurotoxicity after oral TXA use for post\u2010polypectomy colonic bleeding. One kidney transplant recipient developed acute obstructive uropathy due to retention of blood clot at the pelvi\u2010ureteric junction of graft kidney after taking oral TXA for menorrhagia. Dosage of TXA was not adjusted according to renal function in all cases. All of them recovered without permanent disability after TXA was stopped. From our literature search, we identified two cases of neurotoxicity (one PD, one stage 4 CKD patient), one case of retinal toxicity in a haemolysis (HD) patient, one case of ligneous conjunctivitis in a CKD patient, and one case of toxic epidermal necrolysis in a CKD patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurotoxicity is a very common clinical manifestation of TXA toxicity in CKD patients. Thrombotic complication is rare. Dosage adjustment of TXA is essential in CKD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,12]],"date-time":"2016-03-12T18:56:36Z","timestamp":1457808996000},"page":"316-321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Manifestation of tranexamic acid toxicity in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplant patients: A report of four cases and review of literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Terry King\u2010Wing","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre Department of Medicine &amp; Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Ming","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre Department of Medicine &amp; Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie Ching\u2010Ha","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre Department of Medicine &amp; Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Bon","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre Department of Medicine &amp; Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheuk Chun","family":"Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre Department of Medicine &amp; Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip Kam\u2010Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre Department of Medicine &amp; Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0421"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2008.00556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft209"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20720"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614370"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613909","article-title":"Fast decrease of bleeding time by tranexamic acid in uremia","volume":"83","author":"Mezzano D","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. 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Pfizer New Zealand Ltd. P O Box\u00a03998. Auckland New Zealand 1140. DATE OF PREPARATION: 25 February 2013. 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