{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:13:10Z","timestamp":1788873190606,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proteinuria is known to be an independent risk factor of end\u2010stage renal disease (ESRD). But the associations between changes in dipstick proteinuria and the risk of ESRD in the general population and its appropriate observation period to predict incident ESRD are unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed the changes in dipstick proteinuria in 69\u00a0021 participants aged \u226520\u00a0years who participated in health check\u2010ups from 1993 and more than once until 1996 in Okinawa, Japan. Development of ESRD until 2011 was identified using dialysis registry. Cox proportional hazards model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline, proteinuria (\u00b1) and \u2265(1+) were observed in 2.4% and 1.2% of total subjects. 1.5% of subjects had decreased and 9.4% of subjects had increased their proteinuria level after 2\u00a0years. After adjustment for confounding factors, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of ESRD for subjects with proteinuria change \u2264\u00a0\u2212\u00a01, +1, +2, +3, and +4 level during 2\u00a0years compared to subjects with no change were 0.89 (0.43\u20131.87), 3.18 (2.21\u20134.60), 8.01 (5.55\u201311.55), 11.17 (6.59\u201319.95), and 16.59 (5.95\u201346.25), respectively. Heterogeneity existed between changes in proteinuria level during 1 or 3\u00a0years and the risk of ESRD among baseline proteinuria. Area under the ROC curve (95%CI) to predict ESRD by increase in proteinuria level during 1, 2, and 3\u00a0years were 0.650 (0.623\u20130.679), 0.779 (0.751\u20130.808), and 0.778 (0.748\u20130.808), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The changes in dipstick proteinuria were an independent predictor of ESRD in the general population. Changes in proteinuria over 2\u00a0years may be appropriate for the risk prediction of ESRD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T01:56:42Z","timestamp":1498010202000},"page":"821-829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Observation period for changes in proteinuria and risk prediction of end\u2010stage renal disease in general population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Usui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Service Promotion The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiichiro","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Tokyo Kyosai Hospital  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Life Science and Bioethics Center Tokyo Medical and Dental 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