{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:19:32Z","timestamp":1777461572241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001563","name":"Otago Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Summer Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Summer Studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001563","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the prevalence of end stage kidney disease in New Zealand (NZ) is well defined, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in NZ is unknown. To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for CKD in the southern region of New Zealand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective electronic health record cohort study using data from the Southern Primary Care register covering 94% of the population. Patients, 20 years or older were identified and linked to laboratory results for serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion. Chronic kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60\u2009mL\/min per 1.73\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (G3\u20105) or the presence of albuminuria of greater than 3\u2009mg\/mmol (A2\u20103). Diabetes was identified from a national virtual diabetes database. From this, we estimated the prevalence of CKD by age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation and the presence of diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of a total adult population of 211\u2009980, 159\u2009799 had a serum creatinine checked and 27\u2009905 had an estimate of albuminuria. The estimated prevalence of CKD was 11.8%. 6.3% of total population had CKD stage G3a, 2.4% G3b, 0.8% G4, 0.2% G5, 1.8% A2 albuminuria and 0.3% A3 albuminuria. Increasing age, female sex, ethnic group, social deprivation and diabetes mellitus were associated with an increased risk of CKD. 11\u2009351 patients had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and were almost universally tested (99.3%) for CKD. The presence of albuminuria was strongly correlated with ethnic group, male sex and living in a deprived area. The retrospective electronic health record study with associated selection and testing bias are potential limitations of the present study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic kidney disease prevalence in this region appears to be similar to other reported populations. The majority of those at risk for CKD were tested for reduced eGFR. The presence of albuminuria, an integral component of CKD diagnostic criteria, was under utilized in the non\u2010diabetic population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T07:05:57Z","timestamp":1525244757000},"page":"308-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease in primary health care in the southern region of New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hywel","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice &amp; Rural Health University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tomlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Best Practice Advocacy Centre  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray W","family":"Tilyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice &amp; Rural Health University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Schollum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification","volume":"39","author":"National Kidney Foundation","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. 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