{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:16:08Z","timestamp":1788264968865,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>South Africa continues to be burdened by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB). In Cape Town, the epidemic of HIV\u2010TB co\u2010infection is as high as 70%. Granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN) has increased in frequency on renal biopsy. This study aimed to determine GIN prevalence and causes in HIV\u2010positive patients as well as renal outcomes, patient survival and associated factors. This observational cohort study reviewed HIV\u2010positive renal biopsies for GIN from 2005 to 2012. Causes of GIN (medications, TB, fungal and other), and baseline characteristics were analysed. A comparison of baseline data, renal function and survival was made between GIN and non\u2010GIN cohorts. There were 45\/316 biopsies demonstrating GIN. TB was the likely cause of GIN in 27 (60%) and 9 (20%) were due to a drug. Low estimated glomerular filtration rate was a statistically significant factor associated with mortality in both GIN (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045) and non\u2010GIN cohorts (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.000). In the GIN group, there were 12 (26.7%) deaths. Mortality for all patients was greatest in the first 6\u2009months (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.057). TB co\u2010infection in both cohorts was associated with a higher mortality. The multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that a higher urine protein\/creatinine ratio (uPCR) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate were statistically associated with death. GIN is common in HIV\u2010positive renal biopsies in Cape Town. TB\u2010GIN was the commonest cause and associated with a high early mortality. GIN should be considered in HIV\u2010positive patients with acute kidney injury, its presence conveys a survival benefit. There is a need for improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment strategies of TB\u2010GIN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T05:39:34Z","timestamp":1548049174000},"page":"681-688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Granulomatous interstitial nephritis on renal biopsy in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients: Prevalence and causes in Cape Town, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Bianca","family":"Davidson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika S. W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruan","family":"Spies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphaela","family":"Bohmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aadil","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Ash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Wearne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"P0302\u2010Mid\u2010year Population Estimates 2017[Cited 17 July 2018.] Available from URL:http:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report2017. Available from URL:http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60916-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir411"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr702"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000351"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08860220903391218"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01790506"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106689690601400110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3180699f55"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Granulomatous interstitial nephritis","volume":"13","author":"Mignon F","year":"1984","journal-title":"Adv. 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