{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:22:43Z","timestamp":1780708963471,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies on progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children have included older post\u2010pubertal subjects. This study attempted to evaluate risk factors for progression of CKD in pre\u2010pubertal children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An observational study of children aged 2\u201310\u2009years with an eGFR within the limits of &gt;30 and\u00a0&lt;75\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> was performed. Presenting clinical and biochemical risk factors, as well as diagnosis, were analysed for their association with progression to kidney failure, time to kidney failure and for the rate of decline of kidney function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and twenty\u2010five children were studied of whom 42 (34%) had progressed to CKD stage 5 during the median period of follow up of 3.1 (IQR\u00a0=\u00a01.8\u20136) years. Hypertension, anaemia and acidosis at entry were associated with progression but they did not predict reaching the end point. Only glomerular disease, proteinuria and stage 4 kidney disease were independent predictors of kidney failure and the time to kidney failure. The rate of kidney function decline was greater in patients with glomerular than non\u2010glomerular disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Common modifiable risk factors, when present at initial evaluation, were not independently associated with CKD progression to kidney failure in prepubertal children. Only non\u2010modifiable risk factors and proteinuria predicted eventual stage 5 disease. The physiological changes of puberty may be the major precipitator of kidney failure during adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.14153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T08:38:33Z","timestamp":1677746313000},"page":"276-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease: An investigation in prepubertal children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gertruida","family":"van Biljon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2162-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelius J.","family":"Meintjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9384-6472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piet J.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office, School of Medicine University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0377-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor O. 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