{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T05:49:36Z","timestamp":1766382576314,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to determine age\u2010related reference values, focusing on infant urinary solute\u2010to\u2010urinary creatinine concentration ratios (urinary calcium, urinary phosphate, urinary sodium, urinary magnesium, urinary potassium) in healthy Saudi infants aged 0\u20132\u2009years. Additionally, we calculated the calcium\u2010to\u2010sodium ratio (UCa\/UNa) to assess the relationship between urinary sodium and calcium excretion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal study recruited healthy infants and toddlers from King Khalid University Hospital's Well Baby clinic, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Urine solute and creatinine concentrations were measured using standardised laboratory methods. Ratios of urinary calcium\/creatinine (UCa\/Cr), sodium\/creatinine (UNa\/Cr), potassium\/creatinine (UK\/Cr), magnesium\/creatinine (UMg\/Cr), phosphate\/creatinine (UP\/Cr) and calcium\/sodium (UCa\/UNa) were calculated. Subjects were categorised into Group A (0\u20132\u2009months) and Group B (2\u2009months\u20132\u2009years). Data were analysed using median, interquartile range (IQR), Shapiro\u2013Wilk and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 189 healthy children (116 males) were enrolled (Group A: 61.3%; Group B: 38.6%). Significant differences were observed between Group A and Group B for UCa\/Cr, UMg\/Cr, UNa\/Cr, UK\/Cr (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and UP\/Cr (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). No significant difference existed for UCa\/UNa (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.163) or between genders in either group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study established age\u2010related reference values for urinary solute\u2010to\u2010creatinine ratios in Saudi infants, revealing significant differences between age groups. Elevated UCa\/Cr in younger infants aligns with physiological patterns. These findings underscore the importance of establishing population\u2010specific reference values to provide a suitable context for evaluating urinary calcium excretion in Saudi children, which may help prevent both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of hypercalciuria in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.70160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:59:41Z","timestamp":1766365181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urinary Mineral Excretion in Healthy Saudi Infants and Toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Khalid A.","family":"Alhasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Kidney and Pancreas Health Center, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Evidence\u2010Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation Research Chair, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walaa","family":"Alshammasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University  Khobar Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suha","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulelah","family":"Alshauban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1395-9555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Sandokji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Taibah University  Al\u2010Madinah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs  Madinah Saudi\u00a0Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rezqah","family":"AlDhaferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney and Pancreas Health Center, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence\u2010Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation Research Chair, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"The Digital Health Clinical Trials Center, Seha Virtual Hospital, Ministry of Health  Riyadh Saudi\u00a0Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad\u2010Hani","family":"Temsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Evidence\u2010Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation Research Chair, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431\u2010020\u201003662\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000510"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Urinary Calcium Excretion in Healthy Children Living in Kashan\/Iran","volume":"19","author":"Honarpisheh A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Hypercalciuria Among School Children in Two Different Geographical Areas in Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"Edress B. 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