{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:31:45Z","timestamp":1784806305993,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010724","name":"Health Systems Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["67\u2010085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67\u2010085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001003","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004326","name":"Bayer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016348","name":"Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate regional variations in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) aetiologies and complications across KDIGO risk strata in Thailand, aiming to optimise screening and monitoring in resource\u2010constrained settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline data from the multicentre THAI\u2010CKD cohort of adults with stages G3\u2010G5 CKD from 41 hospitals were analysed. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Causes of kidney disease, including chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) and metabolic complications were examined across KDIGO glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria (G\u2010A) categories, primary aetiologies, and geographic regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 3371 participants (mean age: 69\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009years; 55% male), stage distribution was G3a 20%, G3b 33%, G4 37% and G5 10%. Diabetic nephropathy (41%) and hypertensive nephrosclerosis (34%) were the most common causes, whereas CKDu accounted for 22% overall and was concentrated in earlier stages with lower albuminuria and in the Central (33%) and Western (24%) regions. Complications showed clear gradients across G\u2010A strata: anaemia and metabolic acidosis increased with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria. Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurred across all stages and was most frequent in G5, whereas hyperphosphatemia was mainly observed in G5 and hyperkalaemia remained rare across all categories. The prevalence of complications also varied by primary aetiology and geographic region, and these associations remained significant after multivariable adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This national cohort demonstrated pronounced regional and etiologic heterogeneity in CKD and revealed stage\u2010 and albuminuria\u2010dependent patterns of metabolic complications. These findings support the use of KDIGO G\u2010A staging and regional profiles to prioritise etiologic evaluation and tailor laboratory monitoring in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.70231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:31:55Z","timestamp":1780374715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regional Variation of Aetiologies and Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease From Thailand (\n                    <scp>THAI<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CKD<\/scp>\n                    Registry)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9286-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavita","family":"Jintanapramote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, Royal Thai Air Force  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thatsaphan","family":"Srithongkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thananda","family":"Trakarnvanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital Navamindradhiraj University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juthamash","family":"Sangsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Chiangkham Hospital  Phayao Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirirat","family":"Asawamethapant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Sisaket Hospital  Sisaket Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0689-1460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jathurong","family":"Kittrakulrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Prapokklao Hospital  Chanthaburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tossaporn","family":"Sapsitthikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Samutprakan Hospital  Samutprakan Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5783-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kajohnsak","family":"Noppakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University  Chiang Mai Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narittaya","family":"Varothai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirirat","family":"Anutrakulchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanchana","family":"Boonyakrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine King Taksin Memorial Hospital Bangkok Metropolitan Administration  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Watanyu","family":"Parapiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital  Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surasak","family":"Faisatjatham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Khon Kaen Hospital  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somboon","family":"Jeenapongsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Pichit Hospital  Pichit 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