{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T03:40:23Z","timestamp":1792381223629,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26AA2006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26AA2006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypoxia\u2010inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF\u2010PH) inhibitors constitute novel oral pharmacotherapy for anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although a possible HIF\u2010PH inhibitor\u2010induced increase in vascular endothelial growth factor could exacerbate retinal diseases, real\u2010world evidence is limited, particularly among Japanese non\u2010dialysis patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the DeSC administrative claims database (DeSC Healthcare Inc., Tokyo, Japan; December 2019 to June 2023). We identified patients with CKD who newly used HIF\u2010PH inhibitors or long\u2010acting erythropoiesis\u2010stimulating agents (ESAs). The primary outcome was the first treatment\u2010requiring retinal disease. We employed the matching weight method using high\u2010dimensional propensity scores to adjust for confounding and inverse probability of censoring weights (IPCW) to account for informative censoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 74\u2009530 treatment\u2010na\u00efve patients (mean age: 84.7\u2009years; 49\u2009928 ESA users; 24\u2009602 HIF\u2010PH inhibitor users). The risk of retinal diseases did not differ significantly between the HIF\u2010PH inhibitor and ESA groups. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with matching weights was 0.65 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37\u20131.12]. The HR with matching weights and IPCW was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.22\u20131.38). Sensitivity analyses supported these findings. Negative control analysis using cataracts yielded an adjusted HR of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.67\u20131.07). Subgroup analyses showed no increased risk across categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIF\u2010PH inhibitors were not associated with an increased risk of treatment\u2010requiring retinal disease. These real\u2010world data suggest the retinal safety of HIF\u2010PH inhibitors in non\u2010dialysis patients with CKD. Retinal concerns may not necessarily be a limiting factor while selecting HIF\u2010PH inhibitors for non\u2010dialysis patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.70297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T03:00:56Z","timestamp":1792378856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retinal Disease Risk With Hypoxia\u2010Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors Versus Long\u2010Acting Erythropoiesis\u2010Stimulating Agents in Patients With Non\u2010Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: A Real\u2010World Database Analysis in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8713-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kento","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health National Defense Medical College  Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7828-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Sasabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Real\u2010World Evidence, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Real\u2010World Evidence, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7944-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6017-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideo","family":"Yasunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health The University of Tokyo  Tokyo 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